Penovsky District (Russian: Пе́новский райо́н) is an administrative[1] and municipal[5] district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast and borders with Ostashkovsky District in the north, Selizharovsky District in the east, Andreapolsky District in the south, and with Maryovsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the west. The area of the district is 2,385 square kilometers (921 sq mi).[2] Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Peno.[1] Population: 6,864 (2010 Census);[3] 8,523 (2002 Census);[8] 10,291 (1989 Soviet census).[9] The population of Peno accounts for 61.5% of the district's total population.[3]
Penovsky District
Пеновский район | |
|---|---|
 The village of Vseluki | |
.png) Flag .png) Coat of arms | |
 Location of Penovsky District in Tver Oblast | |
| Coordinates: 56°56′30″N 32°44′07″E / 56.94167°N 32.73528°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Tver Oblast[1] |
| Established | 1 October 1929 |
| Administrative center | Peno[1] |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,385 km2 (921 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Total | 6,864 |
| • Density | 2.9/km2 (7.5/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 61.5% |
| • Rural | 38.5% |
| Administrative structure | |
| • Administrative divisions | 1 Urban settlements, 6 Rural settlements |
| • Inhabited localities | 1 Urban-type settlements[4], 135 rural localities |
| Municipal structure | |
| • Municipally incorporated as | Penovsky Municipal District[5] |
| • Municipal divisions[6] | 1 urban settlements, 6 rural settlements |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK [7]) |
| OKTMO ID | 28646000 |
| Website | http://penoadm.ru/ |
Geography
editThe area of Penovsky District is shared between the drainage basins of the Neva, the Western Dvina, and the Volga, and thus the divide between the basins of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caspian Sea runs through the district. The rivers in the minor areas in the north of the district, including the Maryovka River, drain into the Lovat River, a tributary of Lake Ilmen, in the basin of the Neva. The southwestern part of the district belongs to the basin of the Western Dvina, which has its source inside the district, and flows through Lake Okhvat, one of the biggest lakes of the district, before turning south and leaving the district. The rest of the area belongs to the drainage basin of the Volga. The Volga itself flows through Lake Vselug, Lake Peno, and Lake Volgo, parts of the Upper Volga Reservoir, which are all located in the district. The biggest tributaries of the Volga within the district are the Kud River with Lake Vitbino, and the Zhukopa River (both right).
History
editThe area of the district was populated from prehistory and served as a junction between waterways along the Lovat, the Volga, and the Zapadnaya Dvina. Numerous archeological monuments were found in the area of the district dating from the 5th millennium BC. Since the second half of the 12th century, the area was under control of the Novgorod Republic. The area was attractive because it gave an easy access to control of the most important waterways, and was a subject of frequent wars. In the 13th century, it was controlled by the Lithuania. In 1335, the war between Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow started, and in the beginning of the 15th century the area was transferred to the Grand Duchy of Moscow and was subordinate to Rzhev Principality, which was subordinate to Moscow. In 1449, a peace treaty determined the border between Poland (the successor of Lithuania) and Rzhev. The border ran through the current area of Penovsky District. The treaty in this part was never properly enforced, and the area remained under control of Moscow.[10]
In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Ingermanlandia Governorate (since 1710 known as Saint Petersburg Governorate), and in 1727 Novgorod Governorate split off. In 1772, Ostashkov was granted town status, and Ostashkovsky Uyezd of Novgorod Governorate was established, with the seat in Ostashkov. The area was included into Ostashkovsky Uyezd.[10] In 1775, Tver Viceroyalty was formed from the lands which previously belonged to Moscow and Novgorod Governorates, and the area was transferred to Tver Viceroyalty, which in 1796 was transformed to Tver Governorate.[11] Between 1904 and 1907, the construction of the railroad to Bologoye was completed. The railroad to Torzhok was built between 1916 and 1928. From 1924, the settlement of Peno was made a center of a volost. In 1926, Peno was granted urban-type settlement status.[10]
On 1 October 1929, governorates and uyezds were abolished, and Penovsky District with the administrative center in the settlement of Peno was established. It belonged to Velikiye Luki Okrug of Western Oblast.[11][12] On August 1, 1930 the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were subordinated directly to the oblast. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Penovsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast.[12][13] During World War II, a part of the district including Peno was occupied by German troops.[11] On 22 August 1944, the district was transferred to newly established Velikiye Luki Oblast. On 2 October 1957, Velikiye Luki Oblast was abolished, and Penovsky District was transferred back to Kalinin Oblast. In February 1963, during the abortive administrative reform by Nikita Khrushchev, Kirovsky and Penovsky Districts were merged into Ostashkovsky District. On December 27, 1973 Penovsky District was re-established. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast.[13]
Economy
editIndustry
editThere are enterprises of timber, construction, and food industries in the district. Formerly, timber industry provided the major part of the GDP of the district, however, currently it experiences a deep crisis.[14]
Agriculture
editThe main agricultural specialization of the district is cattle breeding with meat production.[15]
Transportation
editThe railway connecting Bologoye with Velikiye Luki crosses the district from northeast to southwest. Peno, Soblago, and Okhvat are the main railway stations within the district. In Soblago, a railway branches east and connects with Likhoslavl via Selizharovo, Kuvshinovo, and Torzhok. There is infrequent passenger traffic.
A paved road connecting Ostashkov with Zapadnaya Dvina via Peno and Andreapol crosses the district from east to west. There are local roads as well. There is bus traffic in the district.
Culture and recreation
edit
The district contains eight cultural heritage monuments of federal significance (two of them located in Peno) and additionally thirty-five objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments include the wooden Church of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist (1694) at the village of Shirkovo, the ensemble of the Trinity Church at the village of Otyalovo, the tomb of Liza Chaikina by Nikolai Tomsky in Peno, as well as an archeological monument.[16]
In Voroshilovo, there is a local museum.[17]
References
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 28 246», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 28 246, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
- ^ a b "Паспорт МО " Пеновский район "" (in Russian). Administration of Tver Oblast. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
- ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ The count of urban-type settlements may include the work settlements, the resort settlements, the suburban (dacha) settlements, as well as urban-type settlements proper.
- ^ a b Law #4-ZO
- ^ Law #41-ZO
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ a b c "История Пеновского района Тверской области" (in Russian). Administration of Penovsky District. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
- ^ a b c Малыгин, П. Д.; Смирнов, С. Н. (2007). История административно-территориального деления Тверской Области (PDF). Tver. pp. 14–15. OCLC 540329541.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Воробьёв, М. В. (1993). Г. В. Туфанова (ed.). Административно-территориальное деление Смоленской области (in Russian). Государственный архив Смоленской области. pp. 118–133.
- ^ a b Справка об изменениях в административно-территориальном делении Тверской губернии - Калининской области (in Russian). Архивы России. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ^ "Пено: обо всем понемногу" (in Russian). Peno: Zvezda. April 11, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
- ^ "Сельское хозяйство" (in Russian). Penovsky District administration. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
- ^ Памятники истории и культуры народов Российской Федерации (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ^ "Ворошиловский краеведческий музей имени И.И.Смирнова" (in Russian). Российская сеть культурного наследия. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Sources
edit- Законодательное Собрание Тверской области. Закон №4-ЗО от 18 января 2005 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Тверской области и наделении их статусом городских округов, муниципальных районов», в ред. Закона №65-ЗО от 24 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 2 Закона Тверской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Тверской области и наделении их статусом городских округов, муниципальных районов"». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Тверские ведомости", №3, 21–27 января 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Tver Oblast. Law #4-ZO of January 18, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Tver Oblast and on Granting Them the Status of Urban Okrugs, Municipal Districts, as amended by the Law #65-ZO of July 24, 2012 On Amending Article 2 of the Law of Tver Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Tver Oblast and on Granting Them the Status of Urban Okrugs, Municipal Districts". Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication.).
- Законодательное Собрание Тверской области. Закон №41-ЗО от 28 февраля 2005 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований, входящих в состав территории муниципального образования Тверской области "Пеновский район", и наделении их статусом городского, сельского поселения». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Тверские ведомости", №10, 11–17 марта 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Tver Oblast. Law #41-ZO of February 28, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Comprised by the Territory of the Municipal Formation of "Penovsky District" and on Granting Them the Status of Urban, Rural Settlements. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).