Penzhina Bay (Russian: Пе́нжинская губа́, Penzhinskaya guba) is a long and narrow bay off the northwestern coast of Kamchatka, Russia. The bay has one of the strongest tides in the world, there have been several power station proposals.
Geography
editPenzhina Bay is the upper right arm of Shelikhov Bay in the northeastern corner of the Sea of Okhotsk. It is bounded on the east by the Kamchatka Peninsula and on the west by the Taygonos Peninsula, which separates it from Gizhigin Bay. The bay is entered between Cape Taygonos (60°34' N, 160°11' E) to the west and Cape Bozhedomova (60°18' N, 161°53' E) to the east. Cape Povorotnyy lies to the east-northeast of Cape Taygonos. It is about 300 km (186 mi) long and 65 km (40 mi) wide. Near its middle, two peninsulas narrow it to 30 km (18.6 mi), forming The Gorlo. There is ice in the bay from October to May. It has the highest tides of any bay on the Pacific Ocean: 9 m (29.5 ft), 12.9 m (42.3 ft) maximum, versus 17 m (56 ft) in the Bay of Fundy. Its basin is very thinly populated.
The river Penzhina flows into the head of the bay. It is 713 km (443 mi) long and flows east, then south, then southwest to reach the bay.
History
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The town of Penzhina was located on the middle Penzhina River and was visited by George Kennan in 1866. The major tributary of the Penzhina is the Aklan, Oklan or Khayakha River which flows southeast and joins the Penzhina about 50 miles from its mouth.
In 1669 the Russians built the ostrog of Aklansk, which was used to subdue the local Koryaks and was an important base on the route south from Anadyrsk to the Kamchatka peninsula before the sea route from Okhotsk opened up. It was attacked by the Koryaks several times and later abandoned.
Between 1849 and 1900, American whaleships hunted bowhead whales in the bay.[1][2][3] On 11 August 1867, the barque Stella (270 tons), of New Bedford, Capt. Ebenezer F. Nye, was wrecked on Krayny on the western side of the bay. Two men were killed as the barque was smashed to pieces. The rest of the crew were rescued by several nearby vessels.[4][5][6]
During a five-day period in late September 1968, the Soviet factory ship Vladivostok and its fleet of whale catchers illegally caught sixty-six balaenids (likely bowheads) in the bay.[7]
Hydrological potential of the bay
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The tides in the Penzhin Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk are the highest for the Pacific Ocean, reaching a height of 13.4 metres (44 ft).[8] The tides in Shelikhov Bay are of the diurnal type. The area of Penzhin Bay basin is 20,530 km2.[9][10] Given that the average magnitude of tide is equal to 10 metres (33 ft), this gives the diurnal flow of water in the bay as 410.6 cubic kilometres (98.5 cu mi) or average discharge 4.75×106 m3•s−1.
The passing stream has its own potential energy, which in the gravity field of Earth is above zero only in the case of non-zero head of water ( ) and can be expressed as follows:
- , (1)
![{\displaystyle E=[\rho _{sw}\cdot S_{Basin}\cdot (H_{Tide}-H_{Head})]\cdot g\cdot H_{Head}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5075ee5cdf00536d801fcabc7b80bec92714cff)
where denotes potential energy; — density of sea water, equal to 1,027 kg/m3; — area of basin; — height of the tide and — gravitational acceleration, set to 9.81 m/s2. The part of the expression in brackets denotes terms defining the mass of water passing through the basin daily.
As can be seen in formula (1), the potential energy becomes zero in the case of zero head of water and in the case of equal heights of head and tide. If considering this formula as a function of head level ( ), it has a form of parabolic dependence, with its maximum at = 2• or at m. This value of gives two times lower height of tide in the bay and twice smaller average discharge of water — 5 m and 2.38×106 m3•s−1 (205.3 km3/day), correspondingly.
The substitution of obtained parameters into (1) and dividing it by the day length in seconds gives the average capacity 120 GW. The latter one yields 1,054 TW•h or 3.79×1018 Joules of energy annually. Depending on the efficiency of conversion of potential energy into electricity, the total quantity of electricity and electric capacity will have somewhat lower values. If one assumes an efficiency of conversion of 96%, this gives an average electric capacity of 115 GW and an available amount of electricity of 1,012 TW•h or 3.64×1018 J per year.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Mary and Susan, of Stonington, July 23, 1849, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC); Coral, of New Bedford, July 28-Aug. 7, 1852, NWC; Florida, of Fairhaven, July 30-Aug. 2, 1861, One Whaling Family (Williams 1964); Arnolda, of New Bedford, July 7, 27–29, 1874, Old Dartmouth Historical Society; Mary and Helen II, of San Francisco, June 9 – July 6, July 8-Aug. 3, 1885, Kendall Whaling Museum.
- ^ Jochelson, W. (1905). "The Koryak". The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Vol. VI. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History. Leiden/New York.
- ^ Allen, J. A. (1903). "Report of the mammals collected in northeastern Siberia by the Jesup North Pacific expedition with itinerary and field notes, by N. G. Buxton". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XIX, pp. 101-184.
- ^ Sea Breeze, of New Bedford, Aug. 15, 1867, ODHS.
- ^ Whalemen's Shipping List and Merchants' Transcript (Vol. XXV, No. 35, Oct. 29, 1867, New Bedford).
- ^ Starbuck, Alexander (1878). History of the American Whale Fishery from Its Earliest Inception to the year 1876. Castle. ISBN 1-55521-537-8.
- ^ Ivashchenko, Y. V. & P. J. Clapham. (2012). "Soviet catches of right whales Eubalaena japonica and bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus in the North Pacific Ocean and the Okhotsk Sea". Endang. Species Res., Vol. 18: 201–217.
- ^ Savchenkov, S. N. (2010-04-15). Опыт проектирования приливных электростанций на Северо-Западе России [Experience in design of tidal power in North-West Russia] (PDF). International Congress "Clean Energy Days in Saint Petersburg" (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-10. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
- ^ Ageev, V. A. "13. Использование энергии приливов и морских течений" (PDF). Нетрадиционные и возобновляемые источники энергии [Using the energy of tides and sea currents] (in Russian). Retrieved 2010-12-24.
- ^ Энциклопедия «География» [Encyclopedia of Geography] (in Russian). Retrieved 2010-12-24.[permanent dead link]