Permopsocida is an extinct order of insects known from the Carboniferous (Moscovian) to the Mid-Cretaceous. It is part of Paraneoptera, alongside bark lice (including lice), bugs and thrips. Within Paraneoptera it is considered to be closer to the clade containing bugs and thrips rather than bark lice, with an estimated divergence during the Late Carboniferous. The group was first named as a suborder by Robert John Tillyard in 1926, and was raised to a full order by Huang et al. in 2016.[1] It is currently divided up into three families, Psocidiidae which is known from the Permian to Liassic. Permopsocidae which is only known from the Permian, and Archipsyllidae, which is known from the Late Triassic[2] to mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian). While most members of the group are known from compression fossils, several members of Archipsyllidae are 3 dimensionally preserved in Burmese amber, which has helped clarify the morphology and phylogenetic position of the group.[1][3][4][5] The morphology of the mouthparts suggests that they were capable of suction feeding and chewing, with preserved angiosperm pollen grains in the gut of Psocorrhyncha suggesting that at least some members of the group were pollenivorous.[1]
| Permopsocida Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Psocorrhyncha burmitica | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| (unranked): | Paraneoptera |
| Order: | †Permopsocida Tillyard, 1926 |
| Families | |
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Taxonomy
editFrom Huang et al 2016 and subsequent literature
- †Psocidiidae Tillyard, 1926
- †Carbonopsocus Prokop et al., 2024 Osnabrück Formation, Germany, Carboniferous (Moscovian)[6]
- †Dichentomum Tillyard, 1926 Bursum Formation, New Mexico, Early Permian (Asselian) Wellington Formation, Kansas, Oklahoma, Early Permian (Artinskian) Koshelevka Formation, Russia, Early Permian (Kungurian),
- †Hypopsylla Prokop, Garrouste & Nel, 2016 Croudace Bay Formation, Australia, Late Permian (Changhsingian)
- †Liassopsocus Ansorge, 1996 "Green Series", Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
- †Austropsocidium Tillyard 1935 Croudace Bay Formation, Australia, Changhsingian
- †Stenopsocidium Tillyard 1935 Croudace Bay Formation, Australia, Changhsingian
- †Permopsocidae Tillyard, 1926
- †Permopsocus Tillyard, 1926 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
- †Lithopsocidium Carpenter 1932 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
- †Orthopsocus Carpenter 1932 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
- †Progonopsocus Tillyard 1926 Wellington Formation, Kansas, Artinskian
- †Archipsyllidae Handlirsch, 1906
- †Eopsylla Vishnyakova 1976 Iva-Gora Beds Formation, Russia, Middle Permian (Roadian)
- †Archipsylla Handlirsch, 1908 "Green Series", Germany, Toarcian Daohugou, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic
- †Archipsyllodes Vishniakova, 1976 Zaza Formation, Russia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
- †Archipsyllopsis Vishniakova, 1976 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
- †Bittacopsocus Beutel et al. 2019 Burmese amber, Myanmar, mid Cretaceous (latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian)
- †Burmopsylla Liang, Zhang & Liu, 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Dinmopsylla Lambkin, 2018 Blackstone Formation, Australia, Late Triassic (Norian)
- †Mydiognathus Yoshizawa & Lienhard, 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar
- †Psocorrhyncha Huang et al. 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar
References
edit- ^ a b c Huang, Di-Ying; Bechly, Günter; Nel, Patricia; Engel, Michael S.; Prokop, Jakub; Azar, Dany; Cai, Chen-Yang; van de Kamp, Thomas; Staniczek, Arnold H.; Garrouste, Romain; Krogmann, Lars (March 2016). "New fossil insect order Permopsocida elucidates major radiation and evolution of suction feeding in hemimetabolous insects (Hexapoda: Acercaria)". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 23004. Bibcode:2016NatSR...623004H. doi:10.1038/srep23004. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4785345. PMID 26961785.
- ^ Lambkin, Kevin J. (2018-02-20). "A new genus and species of the family Archipsyllidae (Insecta: Paraneoptera: Permopsocida) from the Late Triassic of Queensland". Zootaxa. 4382 (1): 192–194. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.9. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 29689945. Archived from the original on 2020-02-25. Retrieved 2020-05-01.
- ^ Yoshizawa, K.; Lienhard, C. (2016). "Bridging the gap between chewing and sucking in the hemipteroid insects:new insights from Cretaceous amber". Zootaxa. 4079 (2): 229–45. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.5. hdl:2115/61234. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27396002.
- ^ Liang, F.; Zhang, W.; Liu, X. (2016). "A new genus and species of the paraneopteran family Archipsyllidae in mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar". Zootaxa. 4105 (5): 483–90. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4105.5.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27394792.
- ^ Beutel, R. G.; Prokop, J.; Müller, P.; Pohl, H. (2019). "†Bittacopsocus—a new bizarre genus of †Permopsocida (Insecta) from Burmese Cretaceous amber". Zootaxa. 4576 (2): 357–366. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4576.2.9. PMID 31715767.
- ^ Prokop, J.; Rosová, K.; Pecharová, M.; Sroka, P.; Leipner, A.; Nel, A. (2024). "The structure of wing in the earliest Permopsocida". Arthropod Structure & Development. 80. 101358. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2024.101358. PMID 38704966.