Peroxisomal disorders represent a class of medical conditions caused by defects in peroxisome functions.[1] This may be due to defects in single enzymes[2] important for peroxisome function or in peroxins, proteins encoded by PEX genes that are critical for normal peroxisome assembly and biogenesis.[3]
| Peroxisomal disorder | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Basic structure of a peroxisome | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics |
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders
editPeroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) include the Zellweger syndrome spectrum (PBD-ZSD) and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1 (RCDP1).[4][5] PBD-ZSD represents a continuum of disorders including infantile Refsum disease, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and Zellweger syndrome. Collectively, PBDs are autosomal recessive developmental brain disorders that also result in skeletal and craniofacial dysmorphism, liver dysfunction, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and retinopathy.[4][5]
PBD-ZSD is most commonly caused by mutations in the PEX1, PEX6, PEX10, PEX12, and PEX26 genes.[6][7] This results in the over-accumulation of very long chain fatty acids and branched chain fatty acids, such as phytanic acid. In addition, PBD-ZSD patients show deficient levels of plasmalogens, ether-phospholipids necessary for normal brain and lung function.[citation needed]
RCDP1 is caused by mutations in the PEX7 gene, which encodes the PTS2 receptor.[8] RCDP1 patients can develop large tissue stores of branched chain fatty acids, such as phytanic acid, and show reduced levels of plasmalogens.
| Name | OMIM | Gene | ICD-10 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zellweger syndrome | 214100 | PEX1, PEX2, PEX3, PEX5, PEX6, PEX12, PEX14, PEX26 | Q87.82 |
| Infantile Refsum disease | 266510 | PEX1, PEX2, PEX26 | E80.3 |
| Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy | 202370 | PEX5, PEX1, PEX10, PEX13, PEX26 | E71.331 |
| RCDP Type 1 | 215100 | PEX7 | Q77.3 |
| Heimler syndrome | 234580 | PEX1, PEX6 |
Enzyme and transporter defects
editPeroxisomal disorders also include:
| Name | OMIM | Gene | ICD-10 NA[9] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pipecolic acidemia | 600964 | PHYH | E80.301 |
| Acatalasia | 115500 | CAT | E80.310 |
| Hyperoxaluria type 1 | 259900 | AGXT | E80.311 |
| Acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency | 264470 | ACOX1 | E80.313 |
| D-bifunctional protein deficiency | 261515 | HSD17B4 | E80.314 |
| Dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase deficiency | 222765 | GNPAT | E80.315 |
| X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy | 300100 | ABCD1 | E71.33 |
| α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency | 604489 | AMACR | |
| RCDP Type 2 | 222765 | DHAPAT | Q77.3 |
| RCDP Type 3 | 600121 | AGPS | Q77.3 |
| Adult Refsum disease-1 | 266500 | PHYH | G60.1 |
| Mulibrey nanism | 253250 | TRIM37 |
References
edit- ^ Wanders, R. J. A.; Waterham, H. R. (2006). "Biochemistry of Mammalian Peroxisomes Revisited". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 75: 295–332. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133329. PMID 16756494.
- ^ Wanders, R.; Waterham, H. (2006). "Peroxisomal disorders: the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1763 (12): 1707–20. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.010. PMID 17055078.
- ^ Weller, S.; Gould, S. J.; Valle, D. (2003). "Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 4: 165–211. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110424. PMID 14527301.
- ^ a b Steinberg, S.; Dodt, G.; Raymond, G.; Braverman, N.; Moser, A.; Moser, H. (2006). "Peroxisome biogenesis disorders". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1763 (12): 1733–48. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.010. PMID 17055079.
- ^ a b Steinberg SJ, Raymond GV, Braverman NE, et al. (2020). Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al. (eds.). "Zellweger Spectrum Disorder". GeneReviews® [Internet]. University of Washington. PMID 20301621. NBK1448.
- ^ Steinberg, S.; Chen, L.; Wei, L.; Moser, A.; Moser, H.; Cutting, G.; Braverman, N. (2004). "The PEX Gene Screen: molecular diagnosis of peroxisome biogenesis disorders in the Zellweger syndrome spectrum". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 83 (3): 252–263. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.08.008. PMID 15542397.
- ^ Yik, W. Y.; Steinberg, S. J.; Moser, A. B.; Moser, H. W.; Hacia, J. G. (2009). "Identification of novel mutations and sequence variation in the Zellweger syndrome spectrum of peroxisome biogenesis disorders". Human Mutation. 30 (3): E467–E480. doi:10.1002/humu.20932. PMC 2649967. PMID 19105186.
- ^ Braverman, N.; Steel, G.; Obie, C.; Moser, A.; Moser, H.; Gould, S. J.; Valle, D. (1997). "Human PEX7 encodes the peroxisomal PTS2 receptor and is responsible for rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata". Nature Genetics. 15 (4): 369–376. doi:10.1038/ng0497-369. PMID 9090381. S2CID 33855310.
- ^ World Health Organization (7 December 1997). Application of the international classification of diseases to neurology: ICD-NA. World Health Organization. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-92-4-154502-0. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
External links
edit- Steinberg SJ, Raymond GV, Braverman NE, et al. (2020). Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al. (eds.). "Zellweger Spectrum Disorder". GeneReviews® [Internet]. University of Washington. PMID 20301621. NBK1448.
- Peroxisomal+disorders at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)