Persian Corridor

The Persian Corridor was a supply route through Iran into Soviet Azerbaijan by which British aid and American Lend-Lease supplies were transferred to the Soviet Union during World War II. Of the 17.5 million long tons of US Lend-Lease aid provided to the Soviet Union, 7.9 million long tons (45%) were sent through Iran.^[1]

Allied road and rail supply lines through Persia into the USSR

This supply route originated in the US and the UK with ships sailing around the Cape of Good Hope to the Persian Gulf. From there, the materiel transited Iran to the Soviet Union. Other supply routes included the Northern route across the Arctic, and the Pacific Route which handled US cargo at Vladivostok and then used the Trans-Siberian Railway across the Soviet Union.

This Persian Route became the only viable, all-weather route to be developed to supply Soviet needs.

Etymology

English-language official documents from the Persian Corridor period continue to make the word "Persia" interchangeable with the name of Iran. In correspondence by the government of the United Kingdom, usage of "Persia" over "Iran" was chosen by Winston Churchill to avoid possible confusion with neighbouring Iraq.^[2]

Overthrow of the Shah

Following Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Britain and the Soviet Union saw the newly opened Trans-Iranian Railway as an attractive route to transport supplies from the Persian Gulf to the Soviet Union. Both countries used concessions extracted in previous interventions to pressure neutral Iran (and, in Britain's case, Iraq) into allowing the use of their territory for military and logistical purposes. Increased tensions with Britain led to pro-German rallies in Tehran. In August 1941, because Reza Shah refused to expel all German nationals and come down clearly on the Allied side, Britain and the Soviet Union invaded Iran, arrested the monarch, sent him into exile to South Africa and took control of Iran's communications and the coveted railway.

Alliances during the Second World War & The invasion of neutral Iran, 1939-1945.

Reza Shah in exile.

Son of Reza Shah meeting with F. D. Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference, 1943

In 1942 the United States, now an ally of Britain and the Soviet Union in World War II, sent a military force to Iran to help maintain and operate sections of the railway. The British and Soviet authorities allowed Reza Shah's system of government to collapse and limited the constitutional government interfaces. They installed Reza Shah's son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, onto the Iranian/Persian throne.

The new Shah soon signed an agreement pledging full non-military logistical co-operation with the British and Soviets in exchange for full recognition of his country's independence, and also a promise to withdraw from Iran within six months of the war's conclusion (the assurances later proved essential in securing his country's independence after the war). In September 1943, the Shah went further by declaring war on Germany. He signed the Declaration by United Nations entitling his country to a seat in the original United Nations. Two months later, he hosted^{[citation needed]} the Tehran Conference between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin.

The presence of so many foreign troops in Iran accelerated social change and it roused nationalist sentiment in the country. In 1946, Hossein Gol-e-Golab published the nationalist song Ey Iran, which was reportedly inspired^{[citation needed]} by an incident during the war in which Golab witnessed an American GI beating up a native Iranian greengrocer in a marketplace dispute.

Strategic need for supply to Soviets

After the Dunkirk evacuation and the agreement with Vichy France, Germany was essentially without any military opposition in mainland Europe until Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. To relieve pressure from the Soviets, British, and later American, leaders sought to open a Second Front in Europe. Realizing that would take time, the Western Allies made the strategic decision to provide Stalin with material support substantial enough to ensure that the Red Army could continue to engage the bulk of the German military. The Allies established protocols that defined the type and amount of material that would be delivered and when. German military action on the Arctic route, prevented the US from meeting the first protocol. That caused increasing pressure on the Allies to develop the Persian Corridor.

Supply efforts

The Allies delivered all manner of materiel to the Soviet Union ranging from Studebaker US6 trucks to American canned food. Most of the supplies transiting through the Persian Corridor arrived by ship at various ports in the Persian Gulf and were then carried northwards by railroad or in long truck convoys. Some goods were later reloaded on board ships to cross the Caspian Sea and others continued their journey by truck.

The United States Army forces in the corridor were originally under the Iran-Iraq Service Command, later renamed the Persian Gulf Service Command (PGSC). That was the successor to the original United States Military Iranian Mission, which had been put in place to deliver Lend-Lease supplies before the United States had entered the World War. The mission was originally commanded by Colonel Don G. Shingler, who was replaced late in 1942 by Brigadier General Donald H. Connolly. Both the Iran-Iraq Service Command and the PGSC were subordinate to the US Army Forces in the Middle East (USAFIME). The PGSC was eventually renamed simply the Persian Gulf Command.

Statistics

Of the 17,500,000 long tons (17,800,000 t) of US lend-lease aid provided to Russia, 7,900,000 long tons (8,000,000 t) (45 per cent) were sent through Iran.^[1] In addition to the Persian Corridor the Americans used Arctic Convoys to the ports of Murmansk and Archangelsk and Soviet shipping carried supplies from the west coast of the US and Canada to Vladivostok, in the Far East, since the Soviets were not at war with Japan until August 1945. The Persian Corridor was the route for 4,159,117 long tons (4,225,858 t) of the cargo.^[3] That was not the only allied contribution via the Persian Corridor. About 7,900,000 long tons (8,000,000 t) of shipborne cargo from Allied sources were unloaded in the Corridor, most of it bound for the Soviet Union and some of it for British forces, under the Middle East Command, or for the Iranian economy, which was sustaining the influx of tens of thousands of foreign troops and Polish refugees. Also, supplies were needed for the development of new transport and supply facilities in Persia and in the Soviet Union. The tonnage figure does not include transfers of warplanes via Persia.

Supply routes

Persian Gulf Command, Camps - Posts - Stations

Supplies came from as far away as Canada and the United States, and those were unloaded in Persian Gulf ports in Iran and Iraq. Once the Axis powers were cleared from the Mediterranean Sea in 1943 - with the Allied capture of Tunisia, Sicily, and southern Italy - cargo convoys were able to pass through the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal, and the Red Sea to Iran for shipment to the Soviet Union.

The main ports in the Corridor for supplies inbound to Iran were: in Iran,

Bushehr
Bandar Shahpur (now Bandar Imam Khomeini); and

in Iraq,

Basra
Umm Qasr.

The main overland routes were from the ports to Tehran, and then

Tehran — Ashgabat or
Tehran — Baku

or, alternatively,

Basra — Kazvin or
Dzhulfa — Beslan.

The main port for outbound supplies (via the Caspian Sea) was Nowshahr. Ships ferried supplies from this port to Baku or Makhachkala.

Other locations

Important smaller ports and transit points on the routes included:

in Iran

An Allied supply train en route through Iran bearing supplies for the Red Army

Ports

Cities

in Turkmenistan

Ports

Krasnovodsk

Cities

Personnel

Cargo was principally handled by special British and American transportation units from the nations' respective combat service support branches, such as the Royal Army Service Corps and the United States Army Quartermaster Corps. Many Allied civilian workers, such as stevedores and railway engineers, were also employed on the corridor. Many skilled engineers, accountants, and other professionals who volunteered or were drafted into the armed services were made warrant officers to help oversee the complex supply operations.

In addition to providing logistical support to the Iranians, the Allies offered other services as well. The Americans in particular were viewed as more neutral since they had no colonial past in the country as did the British and Soviets. The Americans contributed special expertise to the young Shah's government. Colonel Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr., who at the outbreak of the war was serving as superintendent of the New Jersey State Police was in August 1942 put in charge of training the Imperial Iranian Gendarmerie (his son, Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., would command coalition forces fifty years later during the Persian Gulf War.)

Equipment

To help operate trains on the demanding Trans-Iranian Railway route, the US supplied large numbers of ALCO diesel locomotives, which were more suitable than steam locomotives. About 3000 pieces of rolling stock of various types were also supplied.^[4]

A US Army truck convoy carrying supplies for the Soviets somewhere along the Persian Corridor. c. 1943
American and British railroad crews operated trains and trucks to bring supplies to the USSR. c.1943
An American train transporting aid bound for the USSR stopping at a station. Supplies moved by road, rail and air through the Persian Corridor. c. 1943
An assembly plant for American Curtiss P-40 fighters destined for Russia, somewhere in Iran. c.1943
American and British Army train crewmen standing at a station. An American locomotive is seen at the head of the train at left. c. 1943
Train going along a gorge through a winding route somewhere in Iraq.

Volga River to Stalingrad

Beyond the Persian Corridor and across the Caspian Sea is the Volga River, flowing into the Caspian from the north, a key route into the core of the Soviet Union. Stalingrad, at the easternmost turn of the Volga, was an objective of the Germans in their 1942 campaign partly for reason of its industrial capacity, partly as a convenient place to block Soviet pressure on the flank of their initiative towards the Caucasus, and partly for its name. However, it was also for blocking the river traffic carrying materiel north from the Persian Corridor. The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) reopened the river.

Notes

^ ^a ^b Ward, Steven R. (2009). Immortal : A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.
^ Churchill, Winston, The Second World War
^ Kemp, Paul (2004). Convoy!: Drama in Arctic Waters. Edison, NJ: Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-1603-8. OCLC 56497488. Archived from the original on 2020-06-21. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
^ "They Helped Russia to Victory". The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate (NSW : 1882–1950). NSW: National Library of Australia. 28 April 1945. p. 4. Retrieved 25 May 2013.

External links

[Ward2009-1] Ward, Steven R. (2009). Immortal : A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5.

[Churchill,_Winston_1948-2] Churchill, Winston, The Second World War

[3] Kemp, Paul (2004). Convoy!: Drama in Arctic Waters. Edison, NJ: Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-1603-8. OCLC 56497488. Archived from the original on 2020-06-21. Retrieved 2020-06-19.

[4] "They Helped Russia to Victory". The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate (NSW : 1882–1950). NSW: National Library of Australia. 28 April 1945. p. 4. Retrieved 25 May 2013.

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Persian Corridor

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