Peter Henderson may refer to:
- Peter Henderson (Australian public servant) (1928–2016), Secretary of the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs 1979 to 1984
- Peter Henderson, Baron Henderson of Brompton (1922–2000), British public servant
- Peter Henderson (cricketer) (1965–2010), Australian cricketer
- Peter Henderson (footballer) (born 1952), English footballer
- Peter Henderson (sportsman) (1926–2014), New Zealand athlete and rugby player