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Petər Klepəc

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Petər Klepəc (Peter Klepec, Petar Klepoc, dial. Pitr Kljepc)[1]: 134  is a legendary character in the Slavic folklore of the Kupa river valley. The most prominent stories involve Klepəc being granted supernatural strength, with which he uses a log as a weapon during a battle. The more historical accounts from Mali Lug have an 18th-century setting, but the more legendary accounts match are set in the 16th or 15th century, possibly indicating narrative conflation.

Statue of Petər Klepəc by Marijan Leš in Mali Lug.

Birthplace

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Mali lug as Lug ml. in 1928.

Already in the Zima account of 1828, Mali Lug was designated as the birthplace of Petər Klepəc,[2] and the people of Mali Lug were recorded already by Hirc in 1898 to have considered a particular house as his birthplace; one with the year 1712 written above one of the windows and a particularly large ridge beam.[3] The large beam was already mentioned by Zima 1828, which went unpublished until 2010, making Zima and Hirc independent witnesses.[1]: 124 

This was contradicted in Poženčan's 1847 version, which gave Osilnica instead.[4] Later sources tended to chose a birthplace along lines of ethnic convenience. Thus, all Croatian sources retain Mali Lug, including Hirc 1892,[5]: 4  Hirc 1898 while introducing him as a "hrvatski div",[3]: 146  Jemeršić 1904,[6]: 128  Bonifačić Rožin 1953, Jurković 1953, and so on.[1]

Yet 2⁄15 of the versions collected by Primc gave his birthplace as "Osilnica", in addition to 2⁄15 as Ribjek and 1⁄15 as Gorača.[7] And in narratives #265 and #272, which do not give Mali Lug as his place of birth, he still moved to Mali Lug with his mother or his wife. The Klepəc house in Mali Log is further mentioned in #267, #276, #277, and #278.[7] For Ožbolt his birthplace was "Plaz"[a] but his residence after becoming a shepherd as Mali Lug.[8]: 6  This was matched (or repeated) by Jože Ožura, who placed the abode of Klepəc with his mother on the outskirts of Osilnica, "morda tam nekje na Selih ali na Puojzu[b] ali Potuharici" and states he later moved with his wife to Mali Lug where he built a house.[9] As Primc summarised, in Osilnica it is generally believed he was born there but moved to Mali Lug to build a house, following the Poženčan version,[4] whereas others believed he was born in Mali Lug but served in Osilnica and its environs.[10]: 12  Especially among younger residents, the divide became more ethnic than local, and a matter of contention between some Slovenes and Croats, to the extent of conflict over the ethnic identity of Klepəc, absent from discussions between residents old enough to have been raised by generations who belonged to the same ethnicity regardless of which side of the river(s) they lived on. The issue is exacerbated by the regional popularity of Hirc's book, whether in rare old copies or the more prevalent 1993 reprint.[1]

Childhood

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Poženčan [sl]'s version related he was the illegitimate child of a poor mother, because of which he was often called a pankert by his shepherd friends, who often teased and beat him. After a chance meeting with an ox who bestows supernatural strength upon him, he is able to overpower his bullies.[4]

Source of strength

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In the Poženčan account, the meeting with the ox was mentioned without the involvement of a kresnik. Rather, he met the ox on kresni dan (Midsummer), on which oxen fought each other. Klepəc complained about the troubles his friends were giving him, to which the ox replied, "Come with me, break off a one year old stick, and strike with it my adversary ‒ the ox that would come to fight me and who is stronger than me ‒ thereby you will help me win, and make yourself strong, so that none will overpower you."[4]

In the Zima account, Klepəc was given his power by a kresnik in the form of an ox.[2]: 93–97  In other accounts from the same century, the power mediator is a vila, which lead Hirc to describe Klepəc as a "second Prince Marko".[c][5]: 4  In still other versions, the mediator is variously God, Mary, or an angel.[1]: 1 

The first account related by Hirc in his 1898 book did not involve a vila granting power, but the Mother of God to whom he prayed while on Sveta Gora near Gerovo. After this, Petər possessed such power that he could touch someone and they would fall over, or pull a beech sapling out by its roots.[3]

Hirc 1898 also provided an alternate account, likewise on Sveta Gora, where Klepəc met two women lying down, for whom he made a shade to shield them from the sun. They asked him what he would like in return, and he replied, "strength". They told him to pluck a nearby bush up by the roots, but he excused himself, saying he was too weak. They urged him to try anyway, and he succeeded. Then he began plucking young trees, getting stronger all the while.[3]

Duels

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Poženčan related a task dictated by the emperor in Vienna to Klepəc. A certain large Turk, weighting 90 cents, was challenging his subjects to a duel every day, in exchange for certain land. Such duels were not without historical precedent.[d] Klepəc was to duel him. Accompanied by the Turkish sultan and the Austrian emperor, Klepəc and the Turk met and ate. Klepəc was smaller and ate half a loaf of bread and drank a cup of wine, while the Turk ate nine loaves of bread and drank twelve goblets of wine, staring menacingly at Klepəc. After the meal, the wrestling match began, and when they crossed shoulders, Klepəc shook his opponent so hard he threw up the wine he had drank. Klepəc won by choking his opponent against the wall.[4]

Hirc gave the story of a different duel featuring Petər Klepəc as told to him in Rijeka. His opponent was a large soldier, who bulked up on wine and meat in preparation for the duel. Klepəc came to Rijeka, where he ate only dry pears. In front of many spectators, he was wrestled to the ground twice. When his opponent arose the second time, he asked him if it was in jest or for real, to which the opponent answered it was for real. Klepəc jumped him and threw him to the ground with such force that he died on the spot.[3]

Battles

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Mongol invasion of Hungary as depicted in the Chronicon Pictum

The Sevčan version, related to him at Osilnica, began the narration with a king who made his camp on Kraljev Vrh [hr], providing an etymology for the village's name lit. "King's Peak". An unnamed enemy encamped in the valley beyond it, and from the enemy encampment a warrior attacked the king's camp, only for Klepəc to knock him to the ground with his right hand in the ensuing sword battle, causing the other attacking warriors to flee on horseback. The king pursued the fleeing enemy and slaughtered them. Thanks to the bravery of Petər Klepəc, Osilnica and some of the neighbouring villages on the Croatian side were granted nobility or some other special privileges, of which the only remaining privilege in Sevčan's time was the right to transport four barrels of wine from Croatia without taxation. The king was not named in this version, but Sevčan proposed Béla IV of Hungary or some other member of the Árpád dynasty, and the enemy with the Mongols, equating it with another legendary battle, the Battle of Grobnik Field.[12] On the Grobnik polje itself not far from Čavle there is a large stone known as Klepčev kamen or "Klepac's stone", which Hirc himself measured at 1.5 m long and 1 cent heavy, but Hirc related this to Klepəc's trading activity, resting on the stone. One time when he was near Čavle he came across a cart whose wheel had broken and multiple people were trying to lift it up unsuccessfully, which Klepəc did alone.[3]

Poženčan also relates a battle, although in his version it took place in the immediate aftermath of the duel. Klepəc drove the Turkish army to Belgrade and threw tree trunks at them or killed them with thrown tree trunks. At Belgrade, he planted his sword in the ground, assigning power to its sinking and rising from the ground. The sword sunk and rose over the course of the battle, but Klepəc ultimately prevailed and the Turks were defeated. The Muscovites were overjoyed with the news of this victory, granting the Austrian emperor part of the land beyond the Danube and giving Klepəc hunting license, freeing him from taxation, and whatever he desired.[4]

Hirc relates a battle but in Osilnica, around whose surroundings the Akinji were searching for captives during a raid. The people had fled to the caves, but Petər Klepəc was carrying barrels of wine to some foresters at the time. In a ravine between Sveta Gora and Hrib [hr], ten Turks found him and asked him for wine. Petər told them to have a seat but then grabbed a beech sapling and beat the Turks with it, following which they fled through Fažonci [hr] to Osilnica and beyond.[3]

In another version according to Hirc, Klepəc was the leader of a četa organised in defense from the Turks. He gathered 50 men, placed them at the command of his son, grabbed a wooden beam from a roof, and charged them. The Turks began to flee, and Klepəc chased them to Constantinople.[3]

Another story relayed by Hirc involved seven Turks coming to Suhore by Plešce. Klepəc had climbed up a tall sweet cherry to pick its fruit. He threw cherries down towards the Turks in one place, who gathered them into a heap. Then a once, he jumped on a branch, breaking it, killing all seven when it fell on them.[3]

Vienna and Buda

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In the Poženčan version, word of Petər's strength spread as far as Vienna before he had done anything of note beyond overpowering shepherds. Once called to Vienna by the emperor, he pulled heavy carts through the streets as a feat of strength before meeting the emperor. Before the emperor, he asked for twelve horseshoes. He bent the horseshoes straight with his hands.[4] In Hirc 1898, there were only nine horseshoes and the event took place in Mali Lug instead.[3]

Per Hirc, he was called to Vienna by emperor "Leopold" (Leopold I or Leopold II) for his service against the Turks in Slavonia. The emperor granted him nobility there. Klepəc met a certain trader in Buda, whom he visited on occasion for two or three months at a time. At the age of 85, he travelled to Buda one last time, dying there.[3]

Commemoration

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A statue of Petər Klepəc by Marijan Leš in Osilnica.

Dragutin Hirc [hr] described a painting once kept in a house in Mali Lug of Petər Klepəc, girded with sword and spear on his right and with mace and arrow on his left, with "Plemeniti Petar Klepac" written above his head. It was carried by Gerovo townspeople around neighbouring villages and towns as late as around 1840, but it had already been lost by the time Dragutin Hirc visited Mali Lug.[3]: 149  On the testimony of Vera Jelenc, there had been a small wooden statue of Klepəc in front of the house in that village before WWII,[7]: 271  which on the testimony of Josip Klepac was knocked from its stool during a storm and taken to a safer location. The house was set on fire in 1942 by the Italian army.[1]: 124–126 

In the late 1980s, Stanko Nikolić,[e] resolved to have a statue of Petər Klepəc erected in Osilnica to increase its tourism potential, but initial attempts to commission it from Liv Postojna failed. So they built a statue of human height out of rods, which Marijan Leš of Gerovo[f] laughed at, offering his own services when asked. Leš made two identical statues of Klepəc, erecting one in Osilnica and one in Mirtoviči.[g] at the entrance and exit of the municipality of Osilnica along the road. A third identical statue would be made years later.[h] Josip Klepac,[i] among those who claim descent from Petər Klepəc,[7]: 265  contemplated demolishing the original rod statue in Osilnica together with a group of friends the night after it was erected.[1]: 126–129 

A year or two later, another statue was carved by Stane Jarm [sl], of Osilnica by birth, erected in the Kovač inn there.[10]: 1 

The addition of a Petər Klepəc commemoration to the annual Petruvo festivities on June 29 further cemented the place of Osilnica in the popular perception of Petər Klepəc.[1]: 130  But this led to some resentment from neighbouring towns, and especially those across the river where the ethnic identification of the population by that time was Croat. Tensions rose over the Osilnica municipality having three statues while Mali Lug itself no longer had any, and over only the Slovene side of the river having a statue, though this was the result of a local focus rather than broader narrow-mindedness.[j] In the end it was Marijan Leš who eased those tensions by carving a larger, more challenging statue, with the financing of the city of Čabar and wood from the Šumarija Gerovo and Uprava šuma Podružnice Delnice and erecting it in front of the Petər Klepəc house in Mali Lug on 20 July 2007.[17]: 487 [1]: 125, 132 

Toponymy

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Osilnica with Church of Saints Peter and Paul.

The choice of Osilnica as a birthplace for Petər Klepəc is likely motivated by a folk connection of the theme of strength in legends about Petər Klepəc to the root siu̯a, silȩ "strength" (Čabar dialect)[18] with the oikonym Osilnica. Given the form of the earliest attestations, Ossiwniz in 1365, Ossawnitz in 1456–1461, and even Ossynnitz in 1498, Snoj proposed instead a derivation from the prefix o- "-ish" (< PSl *o[b]) + adjectival root siv "grey" (< PSl *sivъ) + suffix -nica [objective nominaliser] (< PSl *-nь + *-ica),[19] and the toponym is indeed sometimes attested in the form Osivnica,[3]: 148  Semantically, "grey" is more likely to be "shadow" in this case.[k]

A story about Petər Klepəc plays a role in the folk etymology of the oikonym Turke [hr],[7]: 263, 268  well-established by the time of the first written records of Klepəc legend in 1828.[2]: 97  This etymology has been repeated both critically[20]: 430  and uncritically,[21]: 19  But the oikonym is actually derived from the surname Turk.[22]: 62–63, 342 [23]: 208 

According to Jemeršić, who visited Mali Lug in 1903, the street next to Petər Klepəc's house bore his name.[25] The name of this street remains unchanged, as Ulica Petra Klepca.[26]

An apple tree in the vicinity of the house is named after Klepəc.[27] Klepec and Klepac is also a local surname, but if it was originally named for Petər and not merely for the later inhabitants of the house with the same surname, then it would be an abnormally long-lived tree. Mali Lug has a Dfb climate and exceptionally high rainfall, averaging over 900 mm/year in the vegetational period[28] and over 2000 mm/year in total,[29] resulting in high growth rates regionally disproportionate to its largely temperature-mediated shorter growing season,[30] which is not conducive to long ages for hardwoods.[31][l] To this can be added an average annual humidity of around 90%,[34] which increases disease infection rates, both fungal[35] and bacterial.[36] Being in cultivation since the Late Neolithic or Early to Middle Bronze Age even in Europe, Malus domestica lost much of its genetic diversity and the historical focus on form and fruit traits at the expense of disease resistance outside of epidemics led to the apple being plagued with low lifespan, exacerbated by annual exposure to disease during trimming.[37][38] So while one Malus sieversii individual under the favourable conditions of a BSk/Dwc was genetically dated to over 600 years old,[39] no M. domestica trees are known to survive even from the 18th century, to which at least part of the construction of the Klepəc house is dated. One of the oldest living individuals is the Dosch Yellow Bellflower Apple from 1850 with a Csb climate,[40] since the Old Apple Tree in the same region died in 2020 at the age of 194,[41] but in climates closer to that in Mali Lug, few trees have been estimated to be much more than 120 years old, an example being an individual of the Citronka zimna variety in Zabudišová near Bošáca.[42] Older individuals from similar climates do exist, but special circumstances are often responsible for their longevity. Such is the case with the over 210 year old but dying[43] Bramley Apple Tree, ungrafted and revered as the originator of the Bramley apple variety.[44]

In phraseology

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The comparative phrase "as strong as Petər Klepəc" saw literary use as early as 1877,[45] but with at least one exception[46] it remained a largely local phrase until after the publication of Cankar's retelling in 1917. After the popularisation of Klepəc tales beyond traditional limits, this phrase continued to be used,[47] in addition to its expansion to new domains of phraseology.[48]

Selected reading

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Main article: Petər Klepəc bibliography
  • Sevčan, L. (1846-12-16) [continued 1846-12-23]. "Peter Klepec, silni slovenski junak". Kmetijske in rokodelske novice. Vol. 4, no. 50. pp. 200, 204. ISSN 1318-9832. Online publication 2011-02-15.
  • Matevž Ravnikar - Poženčan (1847-05-26). "Še ena povest od Petra Klepca". Kmetijske in rokodelske novice. Vol. 5, no. 21. p. 84. ISSN 1318-9832. Online publication 2009-09-24.
  • Hirc, Dragutin (1898) [written 1898-02-08]. "Petar Klepac". Gorski kotar: slike, opisi i putopisi. Illustrated by Václav Lev Anderle. Zagreb: 🖶 Lavoslav Hartman (Kugli i Deutsch). pp. 146–149. Republished as Hirc, Dragutin (1993) [written 1898-02-08]. "Petar Klepac". Gorski kotar: slike, opisi i putopisi. Illustrated by Václav Lev Anderle. Rijeka: 🖶 Tiskara Rijeka. pp. 146–149. ISBN 953-158-004-9.
  • Cankar, Ivan (1917). "Peter Klepec". Podobe iz sanj. Nova knjižnica. Vol. 1. Ljubljana: Nova založba, 🖶 Katoliška tiskarna. pp. 40–43. Online publication 2009-09-17.
  • Bevk, France (1956). Peter Klepec. Bevkovo izbrano mladinsko delo. Vol. 8. Illustrated by Karel Hrovatin (1st ed.). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
  • Ožbolt, Anton (1974). Dežela Petra Klepca. Ljubljana: Ljubljana.
  • Primc, Jože (1991). "Peter Klepec in njegova dežela". Rival: časopis za književnost. 5 (1). Rijeka: Centar društvenih djelatnosti mladih Rijeka: 166–168. ISSN 0353-2968.
  • Primc, Jože (1997). Okameneli mož in druge zgodbe iz Zgornje Kolpske doline (od Babnega Polja in Prezida prek Gerova, Čabra, Osilnice, Kužlja, Kostela, Fare do Dola in Predgrada). Ljubljana: Kmečki glas.
  • Malnar, Slavko (2004). Petar Klepac. Rijeka, Čabar: Ogranak Matice hrvatske u Čabru, Adamić. ISBN 9789532191882.
  • Moric, Anja; Perinić Lewis, Ana (2019). "Peter Klepec – silni slovensko-hrvaški junak?". Močni, modri in dobri: O junakih slovenske folklore. Zupaničeva knjižnica. Vol. 48. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, 🖶 Birografika Bori. pp. 109–140. ISBN 978-961-06-0262-0.

Notes

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  1. ^ A market outskit of Osilnica.
  2. ^ Dialectal form of Plazu.
  3. ^ "drugi Kraljević Marko"
  4. ^ A duel was almost held between ban Nikola Zrinski and beylerbey Mehmed Sokolović Pasha.[11]
  5. ^ Born 1930-10-13 in Hrib pri Fari, died 2019, at the time president of Osilnica's Krajevna skupnost.[13]: 2 [1]
  6. ^ Marijan Leš on Facebook, retired carpenter born 1948-09-09 in Vrbovsko. Not to be confused with Marijan Leš of Milanovac, Virovitica, member of its retirement association.[14]
  7. ^ The Mirtoviči statue was relocated in 1997 to the church of Sveta Ana, to be at the administrative entrance to the Osilnica občina, newly elevated to that status.
  8. ^ The third identical statue was erected on Strma Rebra near Čačič on 11 October 2018.[1][15]
  9. ^ Born 1933, died 2017. Not to be confused with Josip Klepac the constructor, born 1914-03-17 in Čabar, died 2005-10-12 in Zagreb.[16]
  10. ^ At the time, Nikolić was unaware of the existence of the house in Mali Lug.
  11. ^ There cliffs behind it are grey but it is still separate enough from the cliff that if it were named after the cliff one would expect a nominal root from "cliff" rather than an adjectival root for "grey" unless the cliff itself was named "Grey" and the cliff is not any greyer than surrounding cliffs. It is more probable that Osilnica is a feminine equivalent of Osojnik under dialectal influence. That toponym is well-represented in the oikonymy both on the Kupa river (i.e. Osojnik Jadrčki, Osojnik Kalski) and far (i.e. Osojnik of Dubrovnik, Osojnik of Škofja Loka), and is analysed as the nominal root osoj "shady place" (< PSl *osojь) + suffix -nik [objectiviser] (< PSl *-nь + *-ikъ), and can was plausibly motivated by the morning shade of the Dimnica mountain. In place of the usual /-oj-/ comes /-iv-/ in this case, indicating the root *sojь "shade" was substituted with the related root *sivъ yielding *osivъ > [u̯]osiv, modifying Snoj's proposed etymology.[19]
  12. ^ The positive effects of lower temperatures have been established,[32] but the effect is partly indirect and its degree has not been determined with confidence as no study has sufficiently separated relevant factors with a sample size large and diverse enough for the findings to be conclusive. Thanks to the prevalence of heart rot, it is more difficult to date hardwood trees at lifespan extremes, but even softwoods that reach extreme ages without the benefits of gigantism inhabit climates characterised more by extreme aridity than by extremely cold.[33]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Moric, Anja; Perinić Lewis, Ana (2019). "Peter Klepec – silni slovensko-hrvaški junak?". Močni, modri in dobri: O junakih slovenske folklore. Zupaničeva knjižnica. Vol. 48. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, 🖶 Birografika Bori. pp. 109–140. ISBN 978-961-06-0262-0.
  2. ^ a b c Zima, Janez. Od volkodlaka do Klepca: vsakovrstna praznoverna mnenja, šege ter pripovedi Ribničanov, Potočanov, Krašovcev in Osilničanov. Translated by Popit, Ilja. Rakovljica: Didakta. pp. 93–97. ISBN 978-961-261-184-2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hirc, Dragutin (1898) [written 1898-02-08]. "Petar Klepac". Gorski kotar: slike, opisi i putopisi. Illustrated by Václav Lev Anderle. Zagreb: 🖶 Lavoslav Hartman (Kugli i Deutsch). pp. 146–149.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Ravnikar - Poženčan, Matevž (1847-05-26). "Še ena povest od Petra Klepca". Kmetijske in rokodelske novice. Vol. 5, no. 21. p. 84. ISSN 1318-9832.
  5. ^ a b Hirc, Dragutin (1892-09-02). "Crtice o kotaru čabarskome". Narodne novine. Vol. 58, no. 200. pp. 3–4. ISSN 0027-7932.
  6. ^ Jemeršić, Ivan Nepomuk (1904) [1904-01-01]. "Pogled na Mali lug, Smrečje i Klepčeva kuća". Kopnom i morem na Plitvička jezera. Zagreb. pp. 128–129.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e Primc, Jože (1997). Okameneli mož in druge zgodbe iz Zgornje Kolpske doline (od Babnega Polja in Prezida prek Gerova, Čabra, Osilnice, Kužlja, Kostela, Fare do Dola in Predgrada). Ljubljana: Kmečki glas.
  8. ^ Ožbolt, Anton (1974). Dežela Petra Klepca. Ljubljana: Ljubljana.
  9. ^ Ožura, Jože (2002). "Peter Klepec". Osilniška dolina. 18 (7–8). Osilnica. ISSN 2350-4331.
  10. ^ a b Primc, Jože (1991). "Peter Klepec in njegova dežela". Rival: časopis za književnost. 5 (1). Rijeka: Centar društvenih djelatnosti mladih Rijeka: 166–168. ISSN 0353-2968.
  11. ^ Altić, Matea; Šimunjak, Filip (2021). "Krajiški dvoboj bana Nikole IV. Zrinskog: HR-HDA-477-1.1". Icarus Hrvatska.
  12. ^ Sevčan, L. (1846-12-16) [continued 1846-12-23]. "Peter Klepec, silni slovenski junak". Kmetijske in rokodelske novice. Vol. 4, no. 50. pp. 200, 204. ISSN 1318-9832. Online publication 2011-02-15.
  13. ^ Vršnik, Anica (2002-11-14). "Seja dne 10.11.2002" (PDF). Uradno glasilo Občine Kostel. No. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-04-02.
  14. ^ Informativni centar Virovitica (2023-01-28). "Ivan Kovač i Darko Korač pobjednici Memorijalnog turnira u beli "Petar Kereš – Štranga" u Milanovcu". ICV. ISSN 1333-9230. Archived from the original on 2023-01-29.
  15. ^ Javni zavod za turizem in kulturo Kočevje (2018). "To The Land Of Peter Klepec". Kočevsko. Archived from the original on 2024-04-02.
  16. ^ Urednik časopisa Građevinar (2006-01-10). "In memoriam Prof. Josip Klepac, dipl. ing. građ. (1914. – 2005.)" (PDF). Građevinar. 58 (1): 79. eISSN 1333-9095.
  17. ^ Frković, Alojzije (2007-09-01). "Petar Klepac: Legendarni šumski div Čabarskog kraja dobio spomenik". Šumarski list. 101 (9–10): 487–488. ISSN 0373-1332.
  18. ^ Malnar, Slavko (2002). Pamejnek: Govor u čabarskom kraju (PDF). Čavle. ISBN 953-97510-7-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ a b Snoj, Marko (2009). Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Gorenja Dobrava: Založba Modrijan. ISBN 978-961-241-360-6.
  20. ^ Barac-Grum, Vida; Finka, Božidar (1981). "Govori i nazivlje". Gorski kotar. pp. 418–431.
  21. ^ Čater, Dušan (1995). Peter Klepec. Littera. ISBN 961-6171-04-6.
  22. ^ Burić, Antun (1983). Povijesna antroponimija Gorskog kotara u Hrvatskoj 1438-1975: goranska prezimena kroz povijest (2nd ed.). Rijeka: Društvo za zaštitu prirodne kulture i povijesne baštine Gorskog kotara, 🖶 Liburnija.
  23. ^ Malnar, Slavko (2016). Povijest čabarskog kraja (2nd ed.). ISBN 9537541487.
  24. ^ Jemeršić, Ivan Nepomuk (1904) [written 1904-01-01]. "Pogled na Mali lug, Smrečje i Klepčeva kuća". Kopnom i morem na Plitvička jezera. Zagreb. I jedan laz u blizini kuće nosi njegovo ime.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ [24]
  26. ^ Komunalno trgovačko društvo Čabar (2020). "Popis naselja". KTD Čabar. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03.
  27. ^ Škiljan, Filip (2012). Kulturno-historijski spomenici Gorskog kotara i Ogulinsko-plaščanske zavale. Zagreb: Srpsko narodno vijeće. ISBN 978-953-7442-10-1.
  28. ^ Perčec Tadić, Melita (2008). "Srednja količina oborine u vegetacijskom razdoblju" [Mean precipitation in vegetation period]. Klimatski atlas Hrvatske 1961–1990., 1971–2000 [Climate Atlas of Croatia 1961–1990., 1971–2000]. p. 53. ISBN 978-953-7526-01-6. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Tirage: 800.
  29. ^ Perčec Tadić, Melita (2008). "Srednja količina oborine" [Mean annual precipitation]. Klimatski atlas Hrvatske 1961–1990., 1971–2000 [Climate Atlas of Croatia 1961–1990., 1971–2000]. p. 52. ISBN 978-953-7526-01-6. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18.
  30. ^ Matzarakis, Andreas (2008). "Srednja fiziološka ekvivalentna temperatura za travanj" [Mean physiological equivalent temperature in April]. Klimatski atlas Hrvatske 1961–1990., 1971–2000 [Climate Atlas of Croatia 1961–1990., 1971–2000]. p. 124. ISBN 978-953-7526-01-6. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18.
  31. ^ Baliva, Michele; Brunetti, Michele; Di Filippo, Alfredo; Dinella, Anna; Kitamura, Keiko; Knapp, Hanns Dieter; Pederson, Neil; Piovesan, Gianluca; Schirone, Bartolomeo (2015-05-14) [received 2015-03-02]. "The longevity of broadleaf deciduous trees in Northern Hemisphere temperate forests: insights from tree-ring series". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 3 (46). eISSN 2296-701X. Slow growth is the only life-history functional trait clearly linked to longevity, and correlating it with environmental features.
  32. ^ Biondi, Franco; Di Filippo, Alfredo; Maugeri, Maurizio; Piovesan, Gianluca; Schirone, Bartolomeo (March 2012) [published 2011-12-02]. "Bioclimate and growth history affect beech lifespan in the Italian Alps and Apennines". Global Change Biology. 18 (3): 960–972. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02617.x. ISSN 1354-1013.
  33. ^ Biondi, Franco; Piovesan, Gianluca (August 2021) [published 2020-12-11]. "On tree longevity". New Phytologist. 231 (4): 1318–1337. ISSN 1469-8137.
  34. ^ Perčec Tadić, Melita (2008). "Vlažnost zraka" [Air humidity]. Klimatski atlas Hrvatske 1961–1990., 1971–2000 [Climate Atlas of Croatia 1961–1990., 1971–2000]. p. 74. ISBN 978-953-7526-01-6. Archived from the original on 2020-09-18.
  35. ^ Huber, Laurent; Gillespie, Terry J. (1992). "Modeling Leaf Wetness in Relation to Plant Disease Epidemiology". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 30 (1): 553–577. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.30.090192.003005. Relative humidity and leaf wetness influence the fungi during production and transport of inoculum.
  36. ^ Koczan, Jessica; Melotto, Maeli; Nomura, Kinya; Underwood, William; Yang He, Sheng (2006-09-08). "Plant Stomata Function in Innate Immunity against Bacterial Invasion". Cell. 126 (5): 969–980. ISSN 1097-4172. Intense rains not only increase humidity but may also activate the wound response, a combination of which could favor stomatal opening and could therefore facilitate transition from epiphytic growth to endophytic parasitism. ... Because stomata are found in all vascular plants, we suggest that PAMP-induced stomatal closure is a widespread defense in vascular plants against invasion by the potentially vast number of bacteria to which plants are exposed in nature. To be a successful foliar pathogen, a bacterium must either evolve virulence factors to overcome stomatal defense or ... rely on environmental conditions (e.g, heavy rains, frost damage, or accidental wounding) under which stomata may not effectively respond to PAMPs. Suppression of stomatal defense is likely a key adaptation for the transition from an epiphytic lifestyle to endophytic parasitism that is characteristic of numerous bacterial diseases in plants.
  37. ^ Turechek, William W. (2004-01-31). "Apple Diseases and their Management". Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables. Vol. 1. pp. 1–108. doi:10.1007/1-4020-2606-4. ISBN 978-1-4020-1822-0.
  38. ^ Antolín, Ferran; Birnkkemper, Otto; Cornille, Amandine; Fietta, Alice; Garcia, Elena; Kirleis, Wiebke; Roldán-Ruiz, Isabel; Schlumbaum, Angela (August 2019) [published 2019-07-08]. "A Multifaceted Overview of Apple Tree Domestication". Trends in Plant Science: 770–782. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2019.05.007. ISSN 1360-1385.
  39. ^ Fleischmann, A.; Mayr, U.; Shang, X.; Xuan, H.; Yan, G.; Yang, M.; Zhang, Y. (2019-11-15). "Is the oldest known wild apple tree, at more than 600 years old, associated with the distribution of apple trees in the region of Yili and adjacent areas?". ISHS Acta Horticulturae. 1261: 33–38. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1261.7. ISBN 978-94-62612-58-7. ISSN 0567-7572.
  40. ^ Oregon Heritage Tree Program (April 2009). "Dosch Yellow Bellflower Apple". OHTP. Archived from the original on 2024-04-03.
  41. ^ National Park Service (2021-09-29). "Oldest Apple Tree in the Pacific Northwest Lives On". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25.
  42. ^ Kollár, Daniel, ed. (2023). Stromy a ich príbehy. ISBN 978-80-8136-153-1.
  43. ^ British Broadcasting Corporation (2016-07-19). "Original Bramley apple tree in Southwell is dying". BBC. eISSN 1473-4575. Archived from the original on 2016-07-19.
  44. ^ Simmonds, A. (1945). "The origin of apple "Bramley's Seedling"". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 70: 99–103. ISSN 0035-8924.
  45. ^ Ciperle, Josip (1877-03-15). "Pedagogični pogovori". Učiteljski tovariš. Vol. 17, no. 6. pp. 81–84. ISSN 1408-5909. Če té razjariš, kar je prav lehko, potem razjarijo te možke, in vse, vse bo planilo na te; in ko bi bil ti tako močan kot Peter Klepec, ne ubraniš se jim. Online publication 2009-09-24.
  46. ^ Slovenski gospodar (1882-06-15). "Kaj hočejo Mihaličeve prošnje in kaj je z njimi storiti (Izvor. dopis iz Haloz)". Slovenski gospodar: Podučiven list za slovensko ljudstvo. Vol. 16, no. 24. Maribor: 🖶 Tiskarna sv. Cirila. pp. 185–186. ISSN 1581-7350. Pita se, kaj pa je vzrok, da ne šiba, ne korbač, pa ne kečkanje pri tem nič ne pomaga? Odgovor. Najglavneji vzrok je to, da se je delo na tako bedasti način opravljalo, da ga ni mogoče noreje si zmisliti. Če si močen kot Peter Klepec, ki je sedem novih podkov naenkrat v roki razdrobil, itak ne bodeš strahoval bika, ako ga primeš za rep, namesto za roge. Online publication 2011-12-15.
  47. ^ Jurković, Fran (n.d.) [written 1953]. "Folkloristički sastavak u 5 odlomaka" (Document). Zagreb: Odsjek za etnologiju HAZU. NZ 41.
  48. ^ Crnkovič, Marko (2001-05-26). "Dialekt dominantnega diskurza". Delo. ISSN 1854-6544.
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