Philippa Walton (née Bourchier; 1674/75 – 7 December 1749) was a British businessperson.[1] From 1711 onward, she managed one of the biggest gunpowder factories in England, and established herself as one of the major providers of gunpowder to the British Army.
Biography
editPhilippa was born in 1674 or 1675, the fourth of five daughters and the coheir of John Bourchier, a doctor from Ipswich. She married William Walton, a London merchant who in 1702 took over the powder mills at Waltham Abbey.[2] Previously owned by the Hudson family, the mills had fallen into disgrace at the end of the 17th century after Peter Hudson was accused of supplying bad powder in 1693.[3]
With a rising demand for gunpowder thanks to the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) William was awarded his first contract in 1702, soon after acquiring the mills.[3] Following his early death in 1711, Philippa, at that time 36 years old and with ten young children, took over the enterprise. She ran the mills independently until 1723, when she took one of her sons, John, into partnership with her.[1]
Under Philippa's ownership the Waltham Abbey Mills became one of the most important gunpowder mills in the country, featuring several horse mills and stamp mills.[4] It established itself as one of the major suppliers to the government, during a period of almost uninterrupted war between European powers.[1]
Philippa died on 7 December 1749 at the age of 74 and was buried in St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham.[5]
Legacy
editIn 1757 John Walton died, and the factory was inherited by his brothers Thomas and Bouchier.[3] Meanwhile, in the wake of the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, the Waltham Abbey gunpowder factory was becoming an increasingly important asset for the British Army. The British government began nationalising gunpowder mills in 1759, when it purchased the Faversham Mills; in 1787 the Crown acquired the Waltham Abbey Mills from the Walton family,[3] making them one of the three Royal Gunpowder Mills in the United Kingdom (the others being at Ballincollig and Faversham).
Commemoration
editA blue plaque was unveiled in Philippa Walton's honour in 2022 on Walton House at the Royal Gunpowder Mills, recommended by the Essex Women’s Commemoration Project.[6]
References
edit- ^ a b c Wilson, John F.; Toms, Steven; de Jong, Abe; Buchnea, Emily, eds. (2017). The Routledge Companion to Business History. Routledge. ISBN 9781135007829. p. 354.
- ^ Walton (née Bourchier), Philippa. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Chronology of Gunpowder. Royal Gunpowder Mills. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ F.M. Smith (1871). A Handbook of the Manufacture and Proof of Gunpowder, as Carried on at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 6.
- ^ Peter Frederick Robinson (1824). An attempt to ascertain the age of the church of Mickleham, in Surrey, with remarks on the architecture of that building. Carpenter and Son. p. 25.
- ^ "Inspirational businesswoman recognised by new plaque at historic attraction". This Is Local London. Retrieved 15 February 2023.