Physokermes are a genus of scale insects known as the bud scales. They are restricted to the Holarctic,[1] though Physokermes hemicryphus has been introduced to North America.[2] Some species are plant pests.
| Physokermes | |
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| Bud scales | |
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| Genus: | Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti 1868
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Morphology
editPre-reproductive females are membranous and reddish-brown, once females begin to lay eggs they are globular or kidney-shaped become light to dark brown, and eventually heavily sclerotized.[3] The adult females resemble the bud of their coniferous hosts,[4] hence the name bud scale.
Physokermes are difficult to identify to species, as only pre-reproductive females can be used.[4] Once females begin to oviposit, their bodies become distorted and it is not possible to detect the morphological features necessary to identify them to species.
Species
editThere are 13 described species in the genus Physokermes:[3]
- Physokermes coloradensis Cockerell 1895
- Physokermes concolor Coleman 1903 - fir bud-scale
- Physokermes fasciatusBorchsenius 1957
- Physokermes hellenicus Kozár & Gounari 2012
- Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) 1826 - small spruce bud-scale
- Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár 1973 - Hungarian spruce bud-scale
- Physokermes insignicola (Craw) 1894 - Montery pine scale
- Physokermes jezoensis Siraiwa 1939
- Physokermes picaefoliae Tang 1984
- Physokermes piceae (Schrank) 1801 - spruce bud-scale
- Physokermes shanxiensis Tang 1991
- Physokermes sugonjaevi Danzig 1972
- Physokermes taxifoliae Coleman 1903 - Douglas fir scale
References
edit- ^ Kozar, F; Gounari, S; Hodgson, C; Fetyk, K; Goras, G. "A new species of Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from Greece". Zootaxa. 3566: 23=28. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ Furniss, Malcolm M (2004). "Observations on an introduced bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Homoptera: Coccidae), infesting Norway spruce in Idaho". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34 (6): 1348–1352. doi:10.1139/x04-016. ISSN 0045-5067.
- ^ a b García Morales, M; Denno, BD; Miller, DR; Ben-Dov, Y; Hardy, NB (2016). "Physokermes entry on scalenet". ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- ^ a b Malumphy, C (2009). "Confirmation of the presence of small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), in Britain". British Journal of Entomology and Natural History. 22 (1): 15–22.
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