Poltava may refer to:
- Poltava, a city in the Poltava Oblast of Ukraine
- Poltava Airbase, a military base near the city
- Poltava Oblast, Ukraine
- Battle of Poltava, 1709, a Russian victory over Swedish forces
- Russian ship Poltava, one of a series of Russian and Soviet naval vessels named for the battle
- Poltava (poem), a poem by Alexander Pushkin, set against the background of the battle
- Poltava (chicken), a breed of poultry (named after the city)