Polynomial texture mapping (PTM), also known as Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), is a technique of imaging and interactively displaying objects under varying lighting conditions to reveal surface phenomena. The data acquisition method is Single Camera Multi Light (SCML).[1]
Origins
editThe method was originally developed by Tom Malzbender of HP Labs in order to generate enhanced 3D computer graphics and it has since been adopted for cultural heritage applications.[2]
Methodology
editA series of images is captured in a darkened environment with the camera in a fixed position and the object lit from different angles (Single Camera Multi Light). Interactive software processes and combines the set of images to enable the user inspecting the object to control a virtual light source.[2] The virtual light source may be manipulated to simulate light from different angles and of different intensity or wavelengths to illuminate the surface of artefacts and reveal details.[2][3] Open-source tools for processing the captured images and publishing the resulting relightable images on the web are freely available.[4]
Applications
editPolynomial texture mapping may be used for detailed recording and documentation, 3D modeling, edge detection, and to aid the study of inscriptions, rock art[5] and other artefacts.[3][6] It has been applied to hundreds of the Vindolanda tablets by the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents at the University of Oxford in conjunction with the British Museum.[7] It has also been deployed, by Ben Altshuler of the Institute for Digital Archaeology, to scan the Philae obelisk at Kingston Lacy and the Parian Chronicle at the Ashmolean Museum; in both cases scans revealed significant, previously illegible text.[8][9][10] Method was also used for identifying microscopic worked antler from Star Carr and recording ancient rock art in Armenia.[11]
A 'dome' supporting twenty-four lights has been used to image paintings in the National Gallery and produce polynomial texture maps, providing information on condition phenomena for conservation purposes.[12] Studies of the technique at the National Gallery and Tate concluded that it is an effective tool for documenting changes in the condition of paintings, more easily repeatable than raking light photography, and therefore could be used to assess paintings during structural treatment and before and after loan.[13] Twelve dome-based systems built by the University of Southampton have been used to capture thousands of cuneiform tablets at various museums.[14] [15] [16]
The technique is now also finding uses in the field of forensic science, for example in imaging footprints, tyre marks, and indented writing.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Vanweddingen, Vincent; Hameeuw, Hendrik; Vandermeulen, Bruno; Vastenhoud, Chris; Watteeuw, Lieve; Lemmers, Frédéric; Van Der Perre, Athena; Konijn, Paul; Van Gool, Luc; Proesmans, Marc (2020). "Pixel+: Integrating and standardizing of various interactive pixel-based imagery". In Schelkens, Peter; Kozacki, Tomasz (eds.). Optics, Photonics and Digital Technologies for Imaging Applications VI. Proceedings of SPIE. Vol. 11353. p. 15. doi:10.1117/12.2555685. ISBN 9781510634787. S2CID 216318287.
- ^ a b c "Archaeology and polynomial texture mapping". The Economist. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Polynomial texture mapping". University of Southampton. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) Tools". Visual Computing Lab - ISTI - CNR.
- ^ Mourey, Jules Masson (January 2019). "First application of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) on Prehistoric Rock Engravings of the Monte Bego Region (Tende, Alpes-Maritimes, France)". International Newsletter on Rock Art (84): 24–30.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "Polynomial texture mapping". University of Southampton. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ Earl, Graeme (et al.) (2010). "Archaeological applications of polynomial texture mapping: analysis, conservation and representation". Journal of Archaeological Science. 37 (8): 1–11. Bibcode:2010JArSc..37.2040E. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.009. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "The Parian Marble at The Ashmolean Museum". Institute for Digital Archaeology. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
- ^ Altshuler, Ben F S; Mannack, Thomas (2014). "Shedding New Light on Ancient Objects". Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics. 22 (1): 53–74. doi:10.2307/arion.22.1.0053. JSTOR arion.22.1.0053. S2CID 171785310.
- ^ "The Digital Marmor Parium Project at the University of Leipzig".
- ^ Kennedy, Hannah. "Visual interpretation, survey and graphics: adding value to archaeology" (PDF). 2020: Yearbook and Directory: 17 – via Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.
- ^ MacDonald, Lindsay, ed. (2006). "Digital Imaging for Easel Paintings". Digital Heritage:Applying Digital Imaging to Cultural Heritage. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 525 ff. ISBN 978-0-7506-6183-6.
- ^ Payne, Emma Marie (2012). "Imaging Techniques in Conservation" (PDF). Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies. 10 (2): 17–29. doi:10.5334/jcms.1021201.
- ^ Reflectance transformation imaging systems for ancient documentary artefacts, British Computer Society, 2011, pp. 147–154, ISBN 9781906124885
- ^ Artusi, Alessandro (2010), Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) System for Ancient Documentary Artefacts, Eurographics Assoc., pp. 116–119, ISBN 9783905673760
- ^ "Custom Imaging".
External links
edit- Polynomial texture mapping (Hewlett Packard)
- Project applying polynomial texture mapping to an ancient sculpture (University of Southampton - Archaeological Computing Research Group)
- Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) (RTI overview on the Cultural Heritage Imaging website)
- Sixteen interactive renderings of Polynomial Texture Mapping (or RTI) of 8th-century illuminated manuscript, revealing difficult to see dry-point writing (University of Oklahoma)
- Heritage Visualisation website with Pixel+ viewer and an integration solution for Single Camera Multi Light datasets