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The pomegranate ellagitannins, which include punicalagin isomers, are ellagitannins found in the sarcotestas, rind (peel), bark or heartwood of the pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum).
Chemistry
editAs the chemistry of punicalagins became known it was found to be not unique to pomegranate. Punicalagins are present in numerous species of the genus Terminalia, species chebula Retz. ("Fructus Chebulae"), myriocarpa, catappa and citrina (tropical flowering trees historically used in African traditional medicine for antibiotic and antifungal purposes). They have also been isolated from Cistus salvifolius[1][2] (a Mediterranean shrub) and Combretum molle (an African shrub).[3]
Pomegranate fruits natural phenols can be extracted with ethyl acetate and fractionation can afford the ellagitannin punicalagins.[4]
Dietary supplementation
editA few dietary supplements and nutritional ingredients are available that contain extracts of whole pomegranate and/or are standardized to punicalagins, the marker compound of pomegranate. Extracts of pomegranate are also 'Generally Recognized As Safe' (GRAS) by the United States.[citation needed]
List of compounds
edit- Pedunculagin, a compound found in the pericarp of the pomegranate (Punica granatum).[5]
- Punicacortein A, a compound found in the bark of P. granatum and in Osbeckia chinensis
- Punicacortein B, a compound found in the bark of P. granatum
- Punicacortein C, a compound found in the bark of P. granatum
- Punicacortein D, a compound found in the bark and heartwood of P. granatum
- Punicafolin, a compound found in the leaves of Punica granatum
- Punigluconin, a compound found in the bark of P. granatum and in Emblica officinalis
- Punicalagin, a compound found in the pericarps of P. granatum
- Punicalin, a compound found in pomegranates or in the leaves of Terminalia catappa
- Granatin A, a compound found in the pericarp of P. granatum
- Granatin B, a compound found in the fruit of P. granatum
- Diellagic acid rhamnosyl (1→4) glucopyranoside[6]
- 5-O-galloylpunicacortein D[6]
- 2-O-galloylpunicalin[6]
- Casuarinin, a compound found in the pericarp of P. granatum[5]
- Gallagyldilactone, a compound found in the pericarp of P. granatum[5]
- Corilagin, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum and other species
- Strictinin, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum[7]
- other phenolics
- Ellagic acid, a constitutive compound of ellagitannins
- Gallagic acid, a compound found in many ellagitannins
- 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum[7]
- 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum[7] and the common precursor of gallotannins and the related ellagitannins
- Brevifolin, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum[8]
- Brevifolin carboxylic acid, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum[8]
- 3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(α/β)-C-glucopyranose, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum[8]
- 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-C-glucopyranose, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum[8]
- 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-C-glucopyranose, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum[8]
- 3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxydibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, a compound found in the leaves of P. granatum[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Barrajón-Catalán, Enrique; Fernández-Arroyo, Salvador; Roldán, Cristina; Guillén, Emilio; Saura, Domingo; Segura-Carretero, Antonio; Micol, Vicente (2011). "A systematic study of the polyphenolic composition of aqueous extracts deriving from several Cistus genus species: Evolutionary relationship". Phytochemical Analysis. 22 (4): 303–12. Bibcode:2011PChAn..22..303B. doi:10.1002/pca.1281. PMID 21259376.
- ^ Saracini, E.; Tattini, M.; Traversi, M. L.; Vincieri, F. F.; Pinelli, P. (2005). "Simultaneous LC-DAD and LC-MS Determination of Ellagitannins, Flavonoid Glycosides, and Acyl-Glycosyl Flavonoids in Cistus salvifolius L. Leaves". Chromatographia. 62 (5–6): 245. doi:10.1365/s10337-005-0623-7. S2CID 93426386.
- ^ Asres, K.; Bucar, F.; Knauder, E.; Yardley, V.; Kendrick, H.; Croft, S. L. (2001). "In vitro antiprotozoal activity of extract and compounds from the stem bark of Combretum molle". Phytotherapy Research. 15 (7): 613–7. doi:10.1002/ptr.897. PMID 11746844. S2CID 24511496.
- ^ Machado, Thelma de B.; Leal, Ivana C. R.; Amaral, Ana Claudia F.; Santos, Kátia R. N. dos; Silva, Marlei G. da; Kuster, Ricardo M. (2002). "Antimicrobial Ellagitannin of Punica granatum Fruits". Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 13 (5): 606. doi:10.1590/S0103-50532002000500010.
- ^ a b c Satomi, H.; Umemura, K.; Ueno, A.; Hatano, T.; Okuda, T.; Noro, T. (1993). "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors from the pericarps of Punica granatum L". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 16 (8): 787–790. doi:10.1248/bpb.16.787. PMID 8220326.
- ^ a b c El-Toumy, Sayed A.A; Rauwald, Hans W (2002). "Two ellagitannins from Punica granatum heartwood". Phytochemistry. 61 (8): 971–4. Bibcode:2002PChem..61..971E. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00435-1. PMID 12453528.
- ^ a b c Tanaka, Takashi; Nonaka, Gen-Ichiro; Nishioka, Itsuo (1985). "Punicafolin, an ellagitannin from the leaves of Punica granatum". Phytochemistry. 24 (9): 2075. Bibcode:1985PChem..24.2075T. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83125-8.
- ^ a b c d e f Nawwar, Mahmoud A.M.; Hussein, Sahar A.M.; Merfort, Irmgard (1994). "NMR spectral analysis of polyphenols from Punica granatum". Phytochemistry. 36 (3): 793. Bibcode:1994PChem..36..793N. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89820-9.