Porcine circoviral disease (PCVD), also known as porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), is a disease seen in domestic pigs. This disease causes illness in piglets, with clinical signs including progressive loss of body condition, visibly enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty in breathing, and sometimes diarrhea, pale skin, and jaundice.[1][2] PCVD is very damaging to the pig-producing industry and has been reported worldwide. PCVD is caused by Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2).[3]
| Porcine circovirus 2 | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Monodnaviria |
| Kingdom: | Shotokuvirae |
| Phylum: | Cressdnaviricota |
| Class: | Arfiviricetes |
| Order: | Cirlivirales |
| Family: | Circoviridae |
| Genus: | Circovirus |
| Species: | Porcine circovirus 2
|
The North American industry[4][5] endorses "PCVAD" and European use "PCVD" to describe this disease.[6][7]
PMWS and PCV-2
editPostweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is the classic PCVD entity, caused by PCV-2.[1] PCV-2 has a near universal distribution – present in most pig herds. In contrast, PMWS is more sporadic in its distribution. Experimental induction of PMWS has not been achieved by PCV-2 infection alone, using infectious DNA clones of the virus or a pure form of PCV-2 derived from infectious DNA clones. Therefore, it is assumed that PMWS is a multifactorial disease. PCV-2 is necessary but not sufficient for the development of PMWS. However, viral infection by itself tends to cause only mild disease, and co-factors such as other infections or immunostimulation seem necessary for development of severe disease.[1] For example, concurrent infection with porcine parvovirus or PRRS virus, or immunostimulation lead to increased replication of PCV-2 and more severe disease in PCV-2-infected pigs.[1] There is no significant correlation of the disease with virus sequence variation with affected and control pigs. Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was first identified in 1974 and was recognized as a non-disease-causing agent that frequently occurred in laboratory tissue cultures.
Clinical signs
editBoth PMWS and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) are associated to PCV-2.[8] Many pigs affected by the circovirus also seem to develop secondary bacterial infections, like Glässer disease (Haemophilus parasuis), pulmonary pasteurellosis, colibacilosis, salmonellosis and others.[9] Postmortem lesions occur in multiple organs, especially in lymphoid tissues and lung, giving rise to the term "multisystemic".[1][2][10] Lesions may also affect the skin, kidney, reproductive tissue, brain, or blood vessels.[1]
Wasting pigs is the most common sign of PMWS infection, increasing the mortality rate significantly.
Management practices to decrease severity of PMWS
editFrançois Madec, a French author, has written many recommendations on how reduce PMWS symptoms. They are mostly measures for disinfection, management, and hygiene, referred to as the "20 Madec Points" [Madec & Waddilove, 2002].
These measures have recently been expanded upon by Dr. David Barcellos, a professor at the Veterinary College in the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. He presented these points at "1st Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Symposium about swine management, reproduction, and hygiene".
He divided his points by pig growth stage, and they can be loosely summarized as:
- keep the gutters clean
- increase feeder space
- use pens or small cages with solid dividers
- avoid mixing pigs from different origins
- improve the quality of air
- decrease maximum capacity, giving each pig more room
- separate sick animals as soon as possible, and treat them in a hospital pen. If they do not respond to antibiotics in three days, they should be culled
- control access of people and other animals
- reduce environmental stress factors such as gases and air currents
- use immunizations and preventive medications for secondary agents commonly associated with PMWS
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e Ellis, J (March 2014). "Porcine Circovirus: A Historical Perspective". Veterinary Pathology. 51 (2): 315–327. doi:10.1177/0300985814521245. PMID 24569612. S2CID 1406680.
- ^ a b Opriessnig, T; Langohr I (January 2013). "Current state of knowledge on porcine circovirus type 2-associated lesions". Veterinary Pathology. 50 (1): 23–38. doi:10.1177/0300985812450726. PMID 22692624. S2CID 23963384.
- ^ Mankertz P (2008). "Molecular Biology of Porcine Circoviruses". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.
- ^ Gagnon, Carl A.; Tremblay, Donald; Tijssen, Peter; Venne, Marie-Hélène; Houde, Alain; Elahi, Seyyed Mehdy (2007-08-01). "The emergence of porcine circovirus 2b genotype (PCV-2b) in swine in Canada". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 48 (8): 811–819. ISSN 0008-5286. PMC 1914312. PMID 17824323.
- ^ Opriessnig, Tanja; Meng, Xiang-Jin; Halbur, Patrick G. (2007-11-01). "Porcine circovirus type 2 associated disease: update on current terminology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and intervention strategies" (PDF). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (6): 591–615. doi:10.1177/104063870701900601. ISSN 1040-6387. PMID 17998548. S2CID 42108603.
- ^ Harding, John C. S. (16–19 Jan 2007), "History of Porcine Circoviral Disease (PCVD) and Current Western Canadian Situation" (PDF), in Ball, Ronald O.; Ruurd T. Zijlstra (eds.), Proceedings of the 2007 Banff Pork Seminar, Banff: University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, p. 27, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-22
- ^ Desrosiers, Robert (16–19 Jan 2007), "Overview of PCVD - The Disease in Eastern Canada & US vs. Europe" (PDF), in Ball, Ronald O.; Ruurd T. Zijlstra (eds.), Proceedings of the 2007 Banff Pork Seminar, Banff: University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, p. 35, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-22
- ^ Barcellos & Pescador, 2003 and Segalés & Domingo, 2000
- ^ David Barcellos, 2006
- ^ Harding & Clark, 1997
Further reading
edit- Grierson S.S., King D.P., Wellenberg G.J. & Banks M.; "Genome sequence analysis of 10 Dutch porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) isolates from a PMWS case-control study." Res Vet Sci. 2004 Dec; 77(3):265-8).