Wikipedia

Port of Tianjin governance, traffic management and law enforcement

38°59′N 117°47′E / 38.983°N 117.783°E / 38.983; 117.783

Main article: Port of Tianjin

The Port of Tianjin falls under the supervisory and regulatory purview of the Tianjin Municipality People’s Government. The 2004 incorporation of the Tianjin Port Authority into TPG formally divested the group of its role as Port Regulator, which passed to the Tianjin Transportation and Port Authority (天津市交通运输和港口管理局), formerly the Tianjin Transport Commission. The TTPA implements state policy on port work; drafts local policies, by-laws and regulations; and licenses, audits, and issues certifications to businesses operating in the port, in particular to ship terminals. The TTPA supervises and manages compliance to all laws and regulations regarding environmental protection, service compliance, pilotage, maintenance of port infrastructure and handling of dangerous goods and disinfection in all terminals and storage areas.

The Tianjin Municipality People’s Government Port Services Office (天津市人民政府口岸服务办公室): was set up in May 2009 to streamline port operations, in particular customs and inspection clearance procedures.[1] The Port Services Office main duty is the coordination of port services, fostering collaboration between government offices and inspection units, and resolving conflicts and disputes among them (a duty which includes the power to issue emergency rulings to solve jurisdictional problems). The office is also the Port’s "foreign office", charged with fostering interchange and cooperation with other provinces (in particular the development of dry ports), and with foreign entities. Finally, the office is responsible for drafting the Port Development Plan and approving all development and expansion plans, developing streamlined procedures and comprehensive joint clearance, the development of the Tianjin e-Port, etc.[2]

Tianjin Maritime Safety Bureau: Harbormaster powers for the Port of Tianjin are mostly vested on the Tianjin Maritime Safety Bureau (天津海事局), which is the local agency of the China Maritime Safety Administration. At present, the Tianjin Maritime Safety Administration has 17 functional departments and 24 subordinate units,[3] for a total of more than 2,122 employees.[4] It has seven local field offices in Xingang (covering the Beijiang port area), Nanjiang, Tanggu (covering the Haihe port area), Beigang (covering the Beigangchi basin, Beitang and Hanggu), Dongjiang and Lingang port areas, plus an under-construction base at the Nangang area.

Tianjin MSA carries out a wide array of duties regarding the safe management of port activities, including vessel traffic management and berth operations, navigational safety (including SAR, AtoN, navigational warnings and management of the GMDSS), local application of the China Ship Reporting System (CHISREP), ship and crewing inspection (including Flag State Control and Port State Control obligations), ship surveying, crewmen examination and credentialling, management of waterways and underwater works, shore installation safety, dangerous goods handling, law enforcement patrolling, marine accident investigation, and hydrographic survey and charting.[5] Riverine traffic control and vessel inspection is the responsibility of the Tianjin Regional Maritime Safety Agency (天津市地方海事局),[6] which is a separate unit under dual control by the Tianjin government and the China MSA.[7]

Maritime Law: The Port of Tianjin falls under the jurisdiction of the Tianjin Maritime Court for all matters of national and international Maritime law, including all forms of maritime contracts, torts and offenses. The Court is based at TEDA, close to the Port, and it has also set up an “express window” at the Tianjin Port Service Center that provides legal consultation on matters of custom clearance; dispute resolution services; in situ summary issuance of emergency injunctions; protective writs; payment orders and the like; as well as a summary judgment service for simple and petty cases.[8]

Inspection and clearance

edit

Inbound ships, cargo and personnel require clearance by four main government bodies: China Customs for customs declaration, Border Inspection for migration formalities, China Inspection and Quarantine for quarantine and fumigation, and the MSA for ship and crew safety regulations. Obtaining clearance from these so-called “One Customs Three Inspections” (一关三检) used to be quite a protracted process, and one of the continued foci of Port reform is to speed up the clearance procedures and reduce their (still significant) burden.

Customs Clearance: The custom agencies responsible for the Port are: the Tianjin Xingang Customs[9] (天津新港海关), headquartered at the Container Logistics Center;[10] the Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone Customs (天津港保税区海关), headquartered at the FTZ,[11] and the Dongjiang Bonded Port Customs[11] (东疆保税港区海关), headquartered at the Dongjiang Joint Inspection Center. All are subordinate units of Tianjin Customs (天津海关), which is responsible for the declaration, inspection, and duties collection for all international cargo, trade goods, luggage and postal items passing through the Port. This involves processing more than 1,52 million clearance forms a year,[12] and efforts to streamline the process and to foster EDI use and other forms of electronic clearance are a continuous theme for Port reform.

Maritime Safety Controls: The Ship Supervision Office of the Tianjin MSA (天津海事局船舶监督处) carries out the obligations of Port State Control according to the Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding,[13] and the obligations of Flag State Control according to the provisions of the Law of the Sea. It is tasked with monitoring the shipworthiness, safety and appropriate crewing of all vessels entering jurisdictional waters. In 2006, Tianjin was the first jurisdiction in China to introduce PSC checkpoints in accordance to the Tokyo protocol.[14] In 2010, the MSA checked and examined 17,324 international vessels, and introduced an international maritime electronic checking and examining system to expedite the process.[15]

Quarantine and Health Inspections: The Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau (天津出入境检验检疫局) or TJCIQ, is tasked with the health inspection, quarantine, disinfection and sterilization of all trade goods, foodstuffs and live plants and animals, packaging materials and international ships, and the health inspection and quarantine services for all entering ship personnel and visitors,[16] as well as the quality and safety inspection of chemical ore, metals and other cargoes with established standards. TJCIQ has stations at Xingang Liumi, the Shipping Service Center, Dongjiang, Nanjiang, Lingang, and Tanggu.

All ships must report to quarantine authorities at least three hours before anchoring, reporting the vessel's particulars, risk factors, and any suspected conditions among passengers or crew. Pratique and SSC exceptions are available, but the SARS and Swine Flu crises have increased the rigor of quarantine practices in China.

Migration and border control: Border control is the purview of the Tianjin Entry-Exit Frontier Inspection General Station (天津出入境边防检查总站), generally referred to as "Tianjin Immigration Inspection" or TJBJ by its Chinese initials. While it falls under the direct authority of the Ministry of Public Security, it is organizationally separate from the Tianjin Port PSB, employing 800 separate personnel.[17] In the Port, the TJBJ has five local stations at Xingang Liumi, Donggang, Dongjiang, Nanjiang (which also covers the CNOOC oil platforms and the Lingang area) and Tanggu.[18] Border Inspection deploys its own patrol boats (hulls marked Zhongguo Bianjian 12xxx),[19] and can run immigration formalities while ships are at anchorage.[20]

Port management

edit
 
The new headquarters building for the Tianjin Port Group, next to the Yihang International Building.

Tianjin Port Group (TPG) is both the main Port Operator and Port Landowner, and retains some of the old Port Authority's supervisory functions. TPG is the holding company and Ultimate Controlling Party for most of the Tianjin Port operating units, and its affiliates and subordinate units run most aspects of port operation. The Dagukou port area is (at present) run separately by the Tianjin Lingang Port Group Co. (天津临港港务集团有限公司), owned by the Tianjin Lingang Economic Area Administrative Committee (of which TPG is a part).|[21]

TPG also serves as Port Landlord, providing basic municipal services (including roads, power, water and sewerage) and other services, extending from construction materials to printing services, to the Port’s various tenant operators. In this role, TPG maintains quasi-municipal authority over port areas. Finally, as with all Chinese SOEs, the control and coordination role of the local Communist Party units is significant, as is the common cross-sharing of personnel among related units.

Traffic management and navigational safety

edit

Area procedures and traffic rules

edit
 
The VTS Tower houses the traffic control center for the Port and its approaches

The Vessel Traffic Service Center (天津船舶交通管理中心) of the MSA provides traffic control, navigation assistance and local communication to all vessels in the Port’s fairway, anchorages and berths. The VTS Center is located in an 88 m tall control tower at the eastern end of the Dongtudi (East Pier), and has two subordinate monitoring stations at Dongjiang and Lingang. Its control area extends 20 nautical miles (37 km) from the tower. Compliance with the VTSC’s authority is mandatory, and all ships must maintain watch on its VHF channel (Ch. 9) while on the port area. On the Haihe, both VHF 09 and 71 must be on watch.

Tianjin VTS monitors traffic with several overlapping systems: a Radar Surveillance System, a VHF Communications System, an AIS system, and a CCTV system. The traffic management system integrates these data sources to a theoretical tracking capacity of 100,000 ships at a time.[22]

The Radar Surveillance System operates X-band marine radars from the Dongtudi tower and from the Nanjiang MSA base, and the associated ARPA system monitors ship tracks and provides collision early warning.

The AIS system is part of the very extensive AIS network covering all of China’s coasts. Dongtudi tower was set up March 2010 as both the local base station and as the regional AIS Service Center.

As of 2009, the VTS Center had five CCTV sites (at the VTS Control Tower, the Nanjiang Radar Station, the Bohai Oil Tower, the Coastal Radio Building, and the Port Authority Yuhaiyuan Dormitory (the last two on the Haihe shore), for a total of 10 traffic monitoring cameras;[23] the Dagukou sub-center has its own CCTV system.[24] The VTS Center also runs a hydro-meteorology data system (collecting real time data from over 25 stations and gauges), and is the main user of the weather warning system.

Traffic Rules: The Tianjin Port Main Channel is a conditional two-way channel. One-way restrictions are triggered by severe weather conditions (wind force 7 or higher), by wide ships (45 m beam for any one ship, or 75 m width total for both), by long tows (200 m or more), or by dangerous cargoes. Maximum speed in the main channel is set at 13 knots westward and 15 knots eastward, minimum speed at 5 knots.[25] The Chuanzhadong Channel's maximum speed is 8 knots. Keel clearance must be 1.7 m or more at the Main Channel, 0.8 m at the Chuanzhadong Channel, and 0.5 m in the rest of the fairway. All ships must display flags or light signals according to the COLREGS and the International Code of Signals.[26] The Dagusha Channel has separate regulations, speed limits are a maximum of 13 knots and a minimum of 5 knots.

Vessels are prohibited from entering or leaving the port, or shifting berths, without special authorization from the VTS Center if: 1) visibility is less than 1,000 m; 2) there are hazardous icing conditions; 3) wind force is 9 or over. In the 2006–2010 period, there were a total or 1,382 hours of traffic closure or restriction.[27]

Reporting Points: All vessels must report their ETA to the VTS Center at least 24 hours prior to entry into the VTS area (normally through their shipping agents), and apply for authorization. This initial report must contain the vessel’s ETA, name, nationality, call sign, draft, type, size, cargo situation and other information as needed. Position reports must be made at the following points:[28]

  1. Before entering or leaving the Xingang Main Channel (at the VTS Gateline for other Channels)
  2. Before crossing through the fairway.
  3. Before doing a turnaround on the fairway.
  4. After getting berthed.
  5. Before leaving berth.
  6. Before clearing out the ship lock.
  7. Before getting anchored.
  8. After getting anchored.
  9. Before departing the anchorage.

Port traffic: Traffic volume is heavy, with 260 vessels entering or leaving port every day,[29] and very large numbers of small vessels entering or leaving the fairways at any given time. In the 2006–2010 period the VTS communication service managed 362,000 instances, the navigation assistance service managed 323,000 instances, and the traffic control service 456,000 instances.[30] In 2010, the port had a total of 97,276 ship movements,[31] and around 70,000 ship movements involving ships over 60 m LOA.[32] Despite all the capacity increases, there are still bottlenecks in the traffic. As of 18 March 2011, anchorage waiting time for a ship bound for the Nanjiang terminals was 2–4 days[33]

Safety Conditions: In the 2006-2010 period, there were a total of 155 maritime accidents (a 20.3% fall from the 2001-2005 period), 2 large vessel collisions, 24 shipwrecks, economic losses of CN¥ 2,140,000,000 and 38 fatalities (a 44.9% fall) in the TJMSA jurisdictional area.[4]

Pilotage

edit
 
The Pilot Boat Tianjin Gangyi 2

Use of harbor pilots is mandatory for all ships bearing a foreign flag, for ships carrying dangerous cargoes, during hazardous conditions and other circumstances requiring pilot assistance (normally, most ships over 60 m LOA with masters unfamiliar with the approaches). Pilots must be engaged at least 24 hours prior to arrival (normally by the shipping agent). The Pilot Center can also be contacted using VHF channel 8 or 16 during approach. The pilotage area includes all of the Haihe fairway, all of the Xingang fairway, all of the Dagusha fairway, the BZ28-1 and BZ34 oil fields in the Bohai Bay, and the SZ36 oilfield in Liaodong bay.[34]

The Tianjin Port Pilot Center (天津港引航中心)is located in Tanggu, close to the Port Hospital. It is in charge of the training, certification and management of the harbor pilot corps, and of helping plan and coordinate pilotage operations. It is an autonomous agency directly under the Tianjin Transportation and Port Authority, having been separated from TPG in 2007. As with the rest of Tianjin Port, the Pilot Center has experienced very fast expansion in recent years. In 2002 it had 43 certified pilots,[35] in 2007 it had 72 pilots (19 senior pilots), in 2008 it had 114 pilots,[36] in 2009 it had 121 pilots,[37] and by April 2011 it employed 141 pilots, including 23 senior pilots, 19 first-class pilots, 29 second-class pilots, 37 third-class pilots and 16 trainee pilots, plus 17 administrative staffers.[38]

The Center runs three Pilot Stations,[note 1] for Beijiang, Nanjiang (covering Lingang) and Dongjiang (covering the Haihe). Pilots are dispatched using 5 specialized pilot ships (administered by the Tug & Lighter Company), in tugs, or, since 2004, through helicopter shuttle,[39] into the anchorage embarkation points. These points are specified in the regulations as follows:[40]

The Tianjin Port Pilots guided 11,590 ship movements in 2001, 13,500 in 2002, 20,892 in 2004, 23,702 in 2007, 23,489 in 2008, 20,975 in 2009 and 23,200 in 2010,[41] and they are projected to reach 30,500 ship movements by 2015.[42]

Aids to navigation

edit

The Tianjin Port's aids to navigation (AtoN) system is fairly dense, and growing rapidly. The MSA Beihai Navigational Security Center's Tianjin Aids to Navigation Office (北海航海保障中心天津航标处)[43] is responsible for the maintenance of all navaids within the Tianjin area. In 2004, the AtoN office controlled 141 navaids[44] in the Tianjin jurisdiction, including 3 lighthouses, 12 light beacons, 22 lead markers, 44 day beacons, 55 light buoys, 1 NDB station, 1 RBN/DGPS station, 3 radar transponders, 2 large AtoN ships, 2 small AtoN ships and 1 survey ship operating from two wharves.

 
Main Channel buoy 44 and Petrochemical Terminal

A big reform in 2008 greatly increased the AtoN density to accommodate the needs of the two-way 250,000 DWT channels,[45] so by 2010, the number of navigational aids had gone up to 245: 3 lighthouses, 57 light beacons, 22 lead markers, 148 light buoys, 5 articulated beacons, 1 RBN/DGPS station, 2 AIS centers (Tianjin and Caofeidian), and 6 radar transponders. The AtoN maintenance fleet is now 7 strong.[46] Expansion continues apace, and the recently (2011) commissioned Dagang channel was fully marked in July 2011 with 43 buoys.[47]

The Port's channels are now fully laterally marked to IALA Region A (red to port) standards, including light, Racon and AIS marks. The Haihe is lined with 24 shore light beacons (plus 18 daymarks and three buoys)[48] to provide guidance for the highly meandering river channel: the beacons on the left bank are tower beacons with black and white stripes, flashing a white light in Morse code A (• –) every 6 seconds; while the right bank uses red-and-white striped beacons with white lights flashing Morse code D (– • •) every 8 seconds.

Winter buoys are in place from December 1 to March 1 every year, and placing and replacing the buoyage has become a very extensive operation. The spring 2011 change from winter to warm weather buoys involved replacing 136 buoys.[49]

Dagu Light: The landfall marker for Tianjin Port is the Dagu (Old style: Taku) Lighthouse (大沽灯塔), a wave-washed lighthouse built in 1978 on the same spot where a lightship was first moored in 1878. The light is a cylindrical concrete tower daymarked with narrow horizontal red stripes on white, and riprap protection at its base.[50] The lighthouse is situated at the western end of the Dagukou anchorage, mooring is prohibited for one mile around it.[51]

 
The Tianjin Port Main Channel Lead Lights Rear seen from the Northwest

The Main Channel Lead Lights (天津港主航道导标) is a system of shore leading beacons that provide bearing guidance to ships entering the main basin. It consists of two sets, 1,700 m apart, of 7 lights each. The center-line lights mark the main lead line into the Channel, and the others mark the edges of the (old) two-way navigable channel. The Xingang Central Lead Light Front is located at the Beifang Ganghang terminal, on the north side of the Nanjiang Island. The Xingang Central Lead Light Rear is located within the Bohai Oil Company compound, on the south side of Nanjiang Island. The two lights align at a bearing of 281°36', which marks the main channel from the Dagu lighthouse up to the bend at the beginning of the Chuanzhadong channel.

The Chuanzha Centerline Lead Lights (新港船闸中线导标), located on the south shore of the Haihe, on the Lanjiadao peninsula. The two lights are aligned at a 294°22' bearing, which marks the route through the Chuanzhadong Channel and into the Xingang Shiplock from buoy 44 onwards. A set of six smaller beacons around the Shiplock marks the navigable channel boundaries.[59]

Signal stations: A small number of traditional visual signal stations remain in operation.

  1. Beijiang Tide Station (北疆验潮站) is a pole tide gauge located at the end of the Dongtudi pier, to the north of the VTS tower, relaying real-time tide levels to incoming ships.
  2. Xingang Shiplock Traffic Signal Station (新港船闸通行信号台) is a 14 m tall white slat signal tower on top of the roof of the Shiplock’s offices. It marks the state of the shiplock and gives traffic clearance to crossing ships.
  3. North Taku Fort Depth Signal Station (北炮台水深信号台) is a white skeletal steel tower with slat signaling that gives information on tide heights and tidal streams to ships crossing the Xingang Shiplock.[60] It is located at the very end of the Nanjiang island, built on top of the remains of one of the Taku Forts. The signal station was originally established in 1919 to give critical navigation information to ships crossing the shallow Taku Bar.[61] The tide monitoring station inside the compound has historical significance for being the place where the Taku Zero datum was developed. Currently the site houses the Lingang AtoN Management Station (港海标管理站).

RBN-DGPS: The Beitang RBN-DGPS Station (北塘-DGPS台站) is located in the Shanggulin (上古林) sector of Dagang county (38°50′N 117°30′E),[62] and provides RDF and Differential GPS service to all maritime users. The original RBN station was established in Beitang in 1958, and the DGPS station started service in December 2001.[63] To allow for the redevelopment of Beitang town, the whole complex was relocated south to the site of the former Loran A station at Shanggulin in July 2010 (still retaining all its original signal identifiers and name).[64]

Weather monitoring and reporting

edit

While the Port directly operates a number of hydro-meteorological stations (including tide gauges), weather forecasting is primarily the responsibility of the Tianjin Binhai New Area Weather Warning Center (天津市滨海新区气象预警中心), the local agency of the Tianjin Municipal Weather Bureau (天津市气象局).[66] The Warning Center uses local (26 automatic weather stations in Binhai), national and satellite data to forecast marine and port weather.[67] The Center's Weather Radar Station at TEDA (an S-band Doppler weather radar) gives early warning of squalls, waterspouts, and all sort of sudden severe weather within 230 km of shore.[68] The Tanggu Oceanic Weather Station (天津市塘沽海洋气象台—WMOID: 54623), the first of China's 14 oceanic weather stations, forecasts the Bohai Sea area using data from the large weather observatory at Bohai Oil Platform A and from a number of marine telemetry stations.

The Tianjin Weather Bureau operates both as a public service and a commercial enterprise. In 2009 it started to set up a number of “communication systems” to speedily send weather information to critical users.[69] Of these, the Tianjin Port Meteorological Information Comprehensive Service System (天津港气象信息综合服务系统) and the Bohai Sea Oceanic Forecasting Service System (环渤海海洋预报服务系统) cater specifically to the need of port and shipping operators. The Weather Bureau also runs additional privately contracted weather monitoring for the Port, in particular deploying 150 automatic wind observation points to provide real-time data to the Dispatching Center (as wind strongly affects shipping operations).[68]

Maritime Communication and Navigation Distress and Safety

edit
 
Tianjin Coastal Radio's Tanggu Station

Tianjin Coastal Radio: The Beihai Navigational Security Center's Tianjin Communications and Information Center (北海航海保障中心天津通信中心) runs the Tianjin Coastal Station (天津海岸电台, Callsign: XSV; Call: Tianjin Radio; MMSI 004121100). The Station is in charge of the communication obligations of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System in the Port’s jurisdiction, supports the SAR Center’s communication needs, and supports the MSA’s duties of coordination and communications.[3]

Tianjin Coastal Radio also provides public maritime correspondence (CP) services in voice telephony, radiotelex and radiotelegraphy[note 2] to ships within its range.[71]

The Coastal Radio broadcasts from three antenna complexes: Tanggu Control Station (塘沽新港控台), located on the north shore of the lower Haihei, is the central control center and houses the VHF antenna. The Junliangcheng Antenna Tower (军粮城发信天线塔)in Dongli has the more powerful (10 kW) long-distance MF/HF transmitters. Finally, the Huanggang Receiving Station (黄港收信台), located to the south of the Second Huanggang Reservoir,[note 4] is the main listening post[72]

Distress and Safety Systems and Maritime Safety Information: There are three distress and safety communication systems in Tianjin jurisdictional waters, operated in parallel by the MSA, the Fisheries Bureau and the Coast Guard. While there is data sharing and coordination between the agencies, the systems are independent.

The MSA is responsible for the standard GMDSS implementation, and it (not the SARC) takes on the formal MRCC responsibilities for the Port. Tianjin Coastal Radio operates the DSC system, monitoring VHF Ch. 16 and MF 2182 kHz as per the requirements of SOLAS.

The NAVTEX system operates at present in Chinese in a non-IMO standard, and will soon (2012/13) operate in English at the 518 kHz international standard. Tianjin Coastal Radio also broadcasts MSI using wireless telegraphy, SSB, NDBP, and VHF networks.

The Fisheries Safety Communications Network (全国渔业安全通信网) is run by Fisheries Bureau, and it is quite separate from standard civil marine communications. The FSCN operates as a VMS, using the standard VHF and AIS-B networks, but it also uses its own independent network of HF coastal stations (全国渔业安全通信网), a separate system of FM voice radio operating at the 27.5 MHz-39.475 MHz band (using specialized radio equipment[79]), and a CDMA network run on China Telecom’s cellphone network (“渔信e通” or “Fishing Communications e-Connect”).[80] The fisheries control system has its own protocols for automatic position reporting, MSI, meteorological reports, distress monitoring and SAR operations.

The Border Protection Communication Station (边防通信台站) is part of the "Marine 110" Command Center (“海上110”指挥中心), which is the fast response command and control system of the Coast Guard, receiving all forms of alert, and directing SAR missions, interdiction, and general law enforcement operations.[82] The Tianjin Center was completed in 2005 and expanded in 2007 and 2011. It uses the Tianjin Municipal Coastal Monitoring System (地级海防监控系统), which covers 100 km of coastline with 160 CCTV cameras (with night vision capabilities), and deep-surveillance radar.[18] to monitor the coast to around 70 km from shore.[83]

SAR operations and emergency response

edit

Maritime Rescue Coordination: The primary SAR coordination agency is the Tianjin Maritime Search and Rescue Center (天津市海上搜救中心), with responsibility for coordinating all SAR activities in Port waters. Peculiarly, it is not a formal part of the MSA structure (it falls under the direct jurisdiction of the China Maritime Search and Rescue Center), but the TJMSA has administrative authority, and both units share leadership personnel.[85] The SAR Center staffs a main base, five sub-bases (in Haihe, Lingang, Nangang, Dongjiang and Hangu),[86] and four coordination and liaison branch offices at the CNOOC Bohai Oil Company, at the Fisheries Bureau (天津水产局), at the Civil Aviation Administration of China's Tianjin Air Traffic Control (中国民航天津空管站), and at the MSA Dangerous Substances and Pollution Control office (天津海事局危管防污处). The SAR Center's Emergency Command Center is located in Tanggu, and it shares the MSA's VTS, radar, communication, AIS and CCTV systems.[87] It can be contacted via VHF channel 24, or using the specialized maritime emergency phone number "12395"(a number effective in most of China). In the 2006-2010 period, the SARC coordinated 136 rescue operations assisting 132 vessels in distress and rescuing 1430 seafarers, a success rate of 96.5%.[4]

 
Tianjin Search and Rescue Base. In the background is the CNOOC Bohai Oil Building A.

The Tianjin Search and Rescue Base is one of the six rescue bases of the China Rescue and Salvage Beihai Bureau, which is the front-line rescue and salvage force of the Ministry of Transport.[88] The base was built in 1995, covering 0.65 hectares on Nanjiang Island, next to the CNOOC Bohai Oil Compound, at the western end of the Tianjin Harbor Basin. The Base had a staff of 67 in 2009, including diving specialists.[89] In December 2010, Tianjin Port started China's first "Volunteer Maritime Search and Rescue Team" (海上搜救志愿者队伍),[90] to serve as an ancillary force for the Rescue Base. At present it is composed mostly of specialists recruited from within port employees.

SAR Assets: Tianjin Rescue Base keeps three dynamic standby stations, normally with the following units:[91]

  1. Search and Rescue Base’s Wharf: One Fast Rescue Boat (Huaying 387)[92] and one rescue tug.
  2. Dagukou Anchorage: One 1940 kW Rescue Ship (Beihaijiu 169)
  3. Beihai 2nd Point (10 NM south of Caofeidian, 38º50´N / 118º25´E) : One 1940 kW Rescue Ship (Beihaijiu 115)

All government patrol ships, and all TPG harbor craft are available for search and rescue under MSA authority. Ships belonging to CNOOC Bohai are also routinely asked to assist in all cases of accident or mishap, as well as to participate in regular disaster preparation exercises. Finally, eight harbor crafts and two fishing boats have been “deputized” as a volunteer SAR boat team (志愿船舶队伍).[93] Air assets are relatively scarce. Closest China SAR seaplanes or helicopters are located at Penglai, Qingdao and Dalian, but as of 2011 bases are being set up in Qinhuangdao and Tianjin.[94] As a substitute, Tianjin SARC has in the past used commercial helicopters from CITIC Offshore Helicopter Service (the helicopter service provider for CNOOC Bohai) for SAR missions.[95]

Tianjin Port PSB Fire Services Detachment (天津港公安局消防支队) holds the fire-fighting and fire prevention duties for both the land and water areas of the Port. As of 2009, the detachment had 13 firetrucks, and the Tanggu District’s Fire Services Detachment cooperates with any incidents on land (the standard emergency number 119 can be used to report incidents in the Port area, land or sea). Tianjin Port also has a volunteer fire department, a relatively uncommon outfit in China, set up to assist on fire monitoring, disaster firefighting, and rescue.[96]

On behalf of the Firefighting Detachment, the Tianjin Port Tug & Lighter Company operates three dual-purpose tugs/fireships (Jingang Xiaotuo 1,[97] Jinganglun 25 and Jinganglun 30[98]), plus five other tugs that have significant fire-fighting capacity.[99] Three more vessels are under construction.[100] All harbor vessels with suitable pumps can be pressed into service in case of maritime conflagration.

Emergency Medical Assistance: The Tianjin Port Hospital (天津港口医院) is the primary provider of emergency medical care in the port. It is a 314-bed comprehensive hospital, owned by TPG, that is specially licensed to deal with infectious disease outbreaks, quarantine and maritime accident trauma: its orthopedic trauma department is especially well ranked nationally. The hospital also has special provisions to cater to foreign visitors and crew members.[101] Maritime Telemedical Assistance Service[102] can be requested by messaging "HD MEDICO XSV" on Ch 16 radiotelephony (preceded with PAN PAN for urgent cases), or radiotelexing “MED+" (prefixing “XXX” for urgent cases) to 2012 XSV CN on 2082 kHz.

Pollution Control: Tianjin MSA is the Port’s “National Operational Contact Point” pursuant to MARPOL, and must be contacted (VHF 9) in all incidents of shipborne harmful substance spills. The MSA is, as of 2011, setting up an oil spill control center (天津市海上溢油及化学品事故应急反应中心) in Dongjiang, and it is stockpiling materials with a target of being able to rapidly control spills of up to 2,000 tons (a mid-size spill).[103]

The State Oceanic Administration has overlapping authority regarding spills and pollution, usually concentrated on oil platform and pipeline incidents. SOA's Tianjin Station of the Oceanic Environmental Monitoring Center (天津海洋环境监测中心站), formerly the Tanggu Marine Station, is located at the Dongtudi pier and carries out the environmental monitoring, surveying and forecasting duties, including red tide prediction and pollution surveillance.[104] As of 2010, the Monitoring Center deployed 121 environmental monitoring stations in and around Port waters.[105]

Law enforcement

edit

The maritime governance regime in China is peculiar in its multiplicity of actors and apparent duplication of labor. Five major agencies (MSA, SOA, CCG, FLEC, GAC),[106] plus the local People’s Police and other local units, divide maritime and coastal law enforcement, safety and administrative duties, with much overlap in formal remits. These agencies’ responsibilities reflect the functional jurisdiction of their parent ministries, and their operational emphases fit those jurisdictions. Only the Coast Guard (Maritime Police) patrol vessels are armed gunboats, and the Guard has first line jurisdiction in gendarmerie missions such as terrorism, piracy and serious crimes.

People’s Police Units

edit
 
The Tianjin Port PSB Floating Station, moored at the Passenger Terminal.

The Tianjin Port Public Security Bureau (天津港公安局) is one of the fourteen branch offices of the Tianjin Public Security Bureau, with sub-bureau status. It is responsible for public order, law enforcement, criminal investigation, road traffic control, and fire safety and firefighting. Its territorial jurisdiction covers the nearly 260 square kilometers of land and waters of the Tianjin Port, the ships entering the port, the premises of all of the sub-units of the TPG, and other adjacent areas. It has three branch offices at Xingang (Beijiang), Nanjiang and Dongjiang,[107] and 10 local police stations. As of 2010 it had 590 policemen (with an expansion to 1,000 officers planned), 153 civilian employees, 240 firefighters, plus oversight control of more than 1,500 security guards.[108]

Water Police: The Tianjin Port PSB has its own water police unit running its own patrol boats,[109] which are berthed on a floating pontoon station (天津港公安局水上治安派出所) built on a converted floating crane,[110] currently located on the K1 berth of the Tianjin Port Passenger Terminal.

 
China Coast Guard cutter at the Xingang Shipyard

Border Protection: the Public Security Border Troops (公安边防部队) are a gendarmerie force under control of the MPS in charge of border protection and security. The border guards' local ground unit is the Binhai New Area Public Security Border Protection Detachment (滨海新区公安边防支队). The Binhai Border Troops staff three stations located within the Port area (Donggu, Gaoshaling, Beitang), with five more under construction (Dongjiang, Lingang, Nangang, Binhai Tourist Area and the Central Fishing Port).[111]

The Border Guards' maritime branch (usually called the China Coast Guard, or more strictly the China Maritime Police) is responsible for marine border protection and policing. The local unit is the Tianjin Border Protection Maritime Police Flotilla (天津公安边防总队海警支队), which has jurisdiction over a 24,000 km2 area. Its patrol boats (hull numbers zhongguo haijing 12xxx) operate from the Border Troops Wharf at Yujiapu in the Haihe; occasionally from the SAR wharf in Nanjiang; and from a new pontoon wharf in Nangang.[112] Current plans are to build one major maritime police base and six small wharves.[113]

The Tianjin Customs Anti-Smuggling Bureau (天津海关缉私局), usually called the Anti-Smuggling Police (天津海关缉私警察) is a People's Police unit under the dual command of the MPS and the GAC. It is the main body engaged in control, prevention and investigation of customs fraud and duty evasion and smuggling (including cultural goods, drugs, dangerous materials, etc.). The Tianjin ASB does not deploy revenue cutters, but boats from Yantai or Qingdao have been occasionally seconded to Tianjin.[114]

Other law enforcement bodies

edit

The law enforcement arms of the MSA are the Tianjin Maritime Public Security Bureau (天津海事公安局) and the Tianjin MSA Law Enforcement Patrol Flotilla (天津海事局巡查执法支队).[115] The Tianjin Maritime PSB (not to be confused with the Tianjin Port Public Security Bureau) is responsible for maritime law enforcement and carries out marine accident and criminal investigations. The Patrol Flotilla deploys eleven patrol ships[4] (hull numbers haixun 05xx),[116] which monitor and manage shipping traffic, maintain navigational order and safety, and cooperate on patrol, escort, and search and rescue missions as needed.

The Second Detachment of China Maritime Surveillance (中国海监第二支队) of the Tianjin Oceanic Administration has jurisdiction over the Bohai and Laizhou Bays, and over all the coastal areas of Tianjin and Hebei.[117] It monitors environmental damage, illegal use of sea resources, violation of maritime regulations, and damage to marine facilities. It also surveys sea ice, red tides, and other hazardous oceanic conditions.[118] It deploys its own patrol boats (hull numbers Zhongguo Haijian xx), and new bases are under construction at the Dagukou area and the Beitang area.

The Tianjin Fisheries Management and Fishing Port Supervision and Management Office (天津市渔政渔港监督管理处) is a branch of the Tianjin Fisheries Bureau under the China Fisheries Law Enforcement Command Center (中国渔政指挥中心).[119] It is in charge of enforcing fishing regulations, of controlling illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU), and of fishing navigational safety.[120] It enforces the annual fishing moratorium, protected fish reserves, and other fishing restrictions. The Fisheries Law Enforcement Tianjin Flotilla (中国渔政天津市船队) is the patrol boat unit (hull numbers Zhongguo Yuzheng 12xxx). Tianjin FLEC does not at present have a dedicated base, so its ships are berthed at the Donggu Fishing Port, Haihe Border Guard Wharf and the MSA wharves.

Notes

edit
  1. ^ pilot “stations” are teams specialized in a set of berths rather than distinct physical posts, as all three are located in the same building
  2. ^ China is the last country to regularly use Morse code telegraphy (partly due to the robustness of the Chinese telegraph code), and Tianjin Coastal Radio was still transmitting A1A on 8600 KhZ and 12969 KhZ at the below schedule as of June 2011.[1]
  3. ^ excludes frequencies used by Globe Wireless' HF service
  4. ^ The large distance between transmitter and receiver is necessary to avoid signal interference.
  1. ^ "天津口岸介绍". Port Services Office of the Tianjin People's Municipal Government. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  2. ^ "天津市人民政府口岸服务办公室单位主要职责". 天津市政府信息公开 (Tianjin Municipal Government Information Dissemination). 5 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  3. ^ a b "天津海事局机构设置机构设置". Tjmsa.gov.cn. 15 September 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d "天津海事局"十二五"综合发展规划纲要规划信息". Tianjin Maritime Safety Administration. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  5. ^ "职责范围". 天津海事局 (Tianjin Maritime Safety Agency). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "天津市地方海事年鉴". Tianjin Transport and Port Authority. 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  7. ^ "天津市地方海事局工作职责". 天津市交通运输和港口管理局(Tianjin Transportation and Port Authority). 15 December 2007. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  8. ^ "天津海事法院". 天津国际贸易与航运服务中心 (Tianjin International Trade and Shipping Center). 27 September 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  9. ^ "机构名称：天津新港海关". 新港海关网上服务大厅 (Tianjin Xingang Customs Service Center). Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  10. ^ "机构职能 新港海关网上服务大厅 (Tianjin Xingang Customs Service Center)". 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  11. ^ a b "关区简介>天津港保税区海关". China-customs.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  12. ^ 天津口岸2011年发展情况 (in Chinese). Tjzfxxgk.gov.cn. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  13. ^ "About the Tokyo MOU". Tokyo MOU Secretariat. 2002. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  14. ^ "全国第一家船舶安全检查站在天津海事局成立". News.enorth.com.cn. 14 March 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  15. ^ "China's First International Maritime Electronic Checking and Examining System Put into Service". Maritime Safety Administration of the People's Republic of China. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  16. ^ "组织机构". 天津出入境检验检疫局. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  17. ^ "天津出入境边防检查站简介". 天津出入境边防检查站. 1 August 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  18. ^ a b "－天津边检辉煌60年". 人民网·天津视窗. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  19. ^ "天津站隆重召開1252艇安全服役10周年座談會 天津出入境邊防檢查站". Xinhuanet. 5 August 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  20. ^ "外轮锚地更名入境 边检出海办理手续". Tianjinwe.com. 18 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  21. ^ "合作交流". 天津临港港务集团有限公司 (Tianjin Lingang Port Group Co.). Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  22. ^ "天津海事局海事AIS软件推广应用项目通过验收". China MSA Aids to Navigation. 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  23. ^ "CCTV与VTS联动技术探讨". 《2008–2009年船舶通信导航论文集》2009年. Cpfd.cnki.com.cn. 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "部海事局徐津津副书记莅临临港海事处视察指导工作". 天津电子口岸 (Tianjin E-port). 27 October 2011. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  25. ^ "Notice by Tianjin MSA No.165 (2008)". Maritime Safety Administration of the People's Republic of China. 1 January 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  26. ^ "Pub 120. Sailing Directions (Planning Guide): Pacific Ocean and South East Asia". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  27. ^ "科学监管保畅通主动服务当尖兵 —天津海事局船舶交通管理中心创先争优活动纪实". 紫光阁. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  28. ^ "Tianjin, China: Area Procedures" (PDF). World Vessel Traffic Services Guide. 13 April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  29. ^ "天津海事加强水上交通监管 重点船舶100%跟踪". 天津市人民政府口岸服务办公室. 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  30. ^ "天津海事局船舶交通管理中心创先争优活动纪实". 深圳(Shenzhen News Network). 14 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  31. ^ "忠诚值守水上交通安全第一线". 中国水运研究网 (China Water Transport Research Network). 29 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  32. ^ "天津港30万吨级航道一期工程将于4月开工". 中国港口 (Chinaports). 15 March 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  33. ^ "2011年03月18日北方各港锚地等候时间表". 东北亚煤炭交易中心 (Northeast Asia Coal Exchange Center). 18 March 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2012.(registration required)
  34. ^ "调度业务". Tianjin Port Group Co. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  35. ^ "天津港引航站". Tianjin Port Group Co. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  36. ^ "天津港引航中心引航简史". Tianjin Transportation and Port Authority. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  37. ^ "天津港引航中心-中国引航网". China Maritime Pilots Association. 1 June 2004. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  38. ^ "天津港引航中心简介". Tianjin Transportation and Port Authority. 18 April 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  39. ^ "天津港首次开展飞抵外锚地引水作业". Chutian General Airline Co. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  40. ^ "关于公布全国主要港口航员登轮点的公告". Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China. 24 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  41. ^ "依托一流大港 创新发展引航". Tianjin Transportation and Port Authority. 18 April 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  42. ^ "加快引航人才培养为港口发展保驾护航". Tianjin Transportation and Port Authority. 18 April 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  43. ^ "天津海事局详细介绍". China MSA Aids to Navigation. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  44. ^ "天津航标处". 航标助航网 (China Aids to Navigation Network). Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  45. ^ "天津港主航道浮标重新布设将可满足25万吨级船舶通航要求". 中国海事服务网. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  46. ^ "天津海事局天津航标处". 中国海道测绘 (China Hydrography). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  47. ^ "天津航标处积极服务天津南港工业区建设". China Aids to Navigation. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  48. ^ "中国沿海港口航道图改正通告 第 7 期 (总第 392 期) 项数(242–274) ２００9 年 3 月 10 日". 中华人民共和国海事局. 10 March 2009. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  49. ^ "天津航标处积极服务天津南港工业区建设". Tjmsa.gov.cn. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  50. ^ Rowlett, Russ (30 December 2009). "Lighthouses of China: Hebei and Tianjin". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  51. ^ "汪洋中的大沽灯塔". Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China. 29 January 2007. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  52. ^ "中国沿海港口航道图改正通告第17期 (总第446期)" (PDF). China MSA. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  53. ^ a b "Notices to Mariners Issue No.27 （Total No.560）" (PDF). China MSA. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  54. ^ "Funny Games Enjoy Now" (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2013.[dead link‍]
  55. ^ "天津港水深信号台警示灯桩建成发光". Aton.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  56. ^ "航标动态". Shmsa.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  57. ^ "中国沿海港口航道图改正通告第17期(总Co446期)设置AIS 虚拟航标通告" (PDF). 中国海事局 (China MSA). 26 April 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  58. ^ "津航警09134". Tianjin MSA. 31 May 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  59. ^ "天津航标处完成海河船闸航道导标灯器系统改造工作". 海事新闻. 21 September 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  60. ^ "天津港 > 通信联络: 信号台". 海狮通. Retrieved 12 March 2012.[dead link‍]
  61. ^ "航标". 天津地方志网. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  62. ^ "中国沿海RBN/DGPS台站及技术参数表". Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  63. ^ "天津局09沿海RBN-DGPS成效显著". 中国海事服务网 (China Maritime Affairs Network). 17 December 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  64. ^ "北塘RBN-DGPS台站迁址重建工作完成". China Hydrography. 27 July 2010. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  65. ^ "China's RBN-DGPS System to Begin Operation". People's Daily English Edition. 1 January 2002. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  66. ^ "政务信息 > 部门概况". Tianjin Weather Bureau. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  67. ^ "天津滨海新区气象预警中心". 天津滨海新区气象预警中心. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  68. ^ a b "写在渤海岸边的科技乐章 ——天津市滨海新区气象预警中心创新发展扫描". 大众科技报 (Popular Science News). 17 November 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  69. ^ "不断成长的十年——天津滨海新区气象预警中心发展纪略". China Meteorological Administration. 18 November 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  70. ^ "Admiralty Notices to Mariners: Weekly Edition 5 (1 February 2007)" (PDF). United Kingdom Hydrological Office. 25 January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  71. ^ International Telecommunication Organization. "Station Particulars: Tianjin Radio". International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  72. ^ "海岸电台应急通信系统建设". 20 April 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  73. ^ "Weather Reporting Volume D: Information for Shipping (2011)" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  74. ^ "International Monitoring Summary No 330 (01.04.11 – 30.06.11)" (PDF). ITU Radiocommunication Bureau. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  75. ^ Archived 24 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ^ "航行警告接收机用户手册 (NR-50C V1.11 中文版)" (PDF). Saracom. May 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  77. ^ William Hepburn (18 November 2011). "LW Navtex Broadcasts". Dxinfocentre.com. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  78. ^ "天津海事局通信信息中心开通中频、中文NAVTEX播发业务". 天津电子口岸 (Tianjin E-Port). 8 June 2006. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  79. ^ "全国海洋渔业安全通信网CDMA通信系统规范". 中国海洋经济信息网 (China Marine Economic Information Network). 7 July 2007. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  80. ^ ""渔信E通"助建渔业安全网". 中国电子政务网(China E-government). 27 October 2011. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  81. ^ "专属经济区渔政巡航工作规范(试行)". Docin.com. 5 June 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  82. ^ "天津：海警指挥中心指挥监控系统全面升级". 公安部社会公共安全产品行业信息网 (Network of Industry Information on Public Security Products of the MPS). 1 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  83. ^ "天津海警支队"海上110"正式投入使用". 北方网 (E-North News). 18 January 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  84. ^ "天津海警"海上110"六年接处警195起 升级三次系统". 人民网·天津视窗. 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  85. ^ "天津实现海上搜救信息"全景化"-海运资讯-物流资讯-物流价格网". 56jgw.com. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  86. ^ "2012年起天津市分期建3个海上搜救分中心". 022net.com. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  87. ^ "天津市海上应急指挥中心挂牌成立-海事,海上应急-北方网-新闻中心". News.enorth.com.cn. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  88. ^ "CRS Today". China Rescue and Salvage. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  89. ^ "北海救助局 – 单位信息 – 组织机构". 交通运输部北海救助局. 14 August 2008. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  90. ^ "全国第一支省级海上搜救志愿者队伍在天津市建立". 中国海上搜救中心 (China Maritime Search and Rescue Center). 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  91. ^ "专业救助船舶待命部署计划(北部海区2011年)". 交通运输部救助打捞局 (China Rescue and Salvage Bureau). 5 January 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  92. ^ "天津基地"华英387"艇与救助分队为海警巡逻艇清解推进器". 交通运输部北海救助局. 17 April 2008. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  93. ^ "天津海上搜救队伍又添"新力量" 10艘船舶加入". 北方网 (E-North Network). 29 July 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  94. ^ "Beihai No. 1 Flying Rescue Service". China Rescue and Salvage. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  95. ^ "海上货船出现伤员天津港派直升机救治". 中国直升机服务网 (China Heliservices). 24 February 2007. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  96. ^ "志愿消防队 水上保安全". Tianjinwe.com. 25 October 2010. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  97. ^ "国内最先进消防船昨起服役天津港". 湖南公安消防政务公开网. 13 November 2006. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  98. ^ "天津港新建消拖两用船"津港轮30"顺利下水". 北方网. 25 April 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  99. ^ "津政办发 〔2009〕49 号: 关于印发天津海上危险化学品事故应急预案的通知". 天津市人民政府办公厅. 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  100. ^ "天津港B型消防船(NB006)顺利搭载". 天津新河船舶重工有限责任公司. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  101. ^ "天津港口医院医院介绍". 医生在线. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  102. ^ "MSC.1/Circ.1289: Adoption of Amendments to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual" (PDF). International Maritime Organization, Maritime Safety Committee. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  103. ^ "天津将建溢油应急设备库 应急能力达两千吨". 新华网天津频道. 29 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  104. ^ "国家海洋局北海分局-组织机构-天津海洋环境监测中心站". 国家海洋局北海分局 (North China Sea Branch of State Oceanic Administration). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  105. ^ "沿海省市海洋环境质量公报 2010年 天津市概述". 国家海洋局 (China State Oceanic Administration). 25 May 2011. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  106. ^ Goldstein, Lyle J. (April 2010). Five Little Dragons Stirring up the Sea: Challenge and Opportunity in China's Improving Maritime Enforcement Capabilities (PDF). Newport, Rhode Island: U.S. Naval War College, China Maritime Studies Institute. ISBN 978-1-884733-76-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  107. ^ "天津港东疆公安基地揭牌——新闻中心——塘沽在线". Webcache.googleusercontent.com. September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  108. ^ "天津港公安局". 天津港公安局 (Tianjin Port Public Security Bureau). 5 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  109. ^ "天津港公安局第一艘警用巡逻艇举行首航仪式(图)". 中国警察装备网. 3 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  110. ^ "天津首座动态"水上派出所"泊驻天津港". Tianjinwe Network. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  111. ^ "天津滨海新区边防支队更名筹建6边防派出所". Tianjinwe Network. 22 December 2010. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  112. ^ "天津边防总队海警支队进驻南港工业区". 天津南港工业区. 18 October 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  113. ^ "滨海新区将新装千个"电子眼"加快技防网建设". 天津网. 2 March 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  114. ^ "天津海域首添缉私艇 应对走私"北移"之势". 北方网. 28 May 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  115. ^ "巡查执法支队". 天津海事局. 15 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  116. ^ "天津海事局所属应急搜救船艇资料". Tianjin Maritime Safety Administration. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  117. ^ "局领导". Tianjin Oceanic Administration. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  118. ^ "组织机构-中国海监第二支队". 国家海洋局北海分局. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  119. ^ "天津市渔政渔港监督管理处_直属单位". 天津渔业网. 21 March 2008. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  120. ^ "天津市水产局基本信息". 人民网·天津视窗. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Tianjin_governance,_traffic_management_and_law_enforcement&oldid=1205955699"