Beersheba is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the seventh largest city in Israel with a population of 186,100. Located in the Southern District of the country, the city is the district's administrative centre and is home to the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, the Soroka Medical Center, and the Israel Sinfonietta Beersheba. From the findings unearthed at Tel Be'er Sheva, an archaeological site a few kilometers northeast of modern-day Beersheba, it is believed that the region has been populated since the 4th millennium BC. The city was destroyed and rebuilt many times over the centuries. Beersheba was the southernmost city of Israel in Biblical times, hence the expression "from Dan to Beersheba" to describe the whole kingdom. Beersheba is mentioned in the Book of Genesis in connection with Abraham the Patriarch and his pact with Abimelech. Isaac built an altar in Beersheba (Genesis 26:23-33). Jacob had his dream about a stairway to heaven after leaving Beersheba. (Genesis 28:10-15 and 46:1-7). Beersheba was the territory of the tribe of Shimon and Judah (Joshua 15:28 and 19:2). The prophet Elijah took refuge in Beersheba when Jezebel ordered him killed (I Kings 19:3). The sons of the prophet Samuel were judges in Beersheba (I Samuel 8:2). Saul, Israel's first king, built a fort for his campaign against the Amalekites (I Samuel 14:48 and 15:2-9). The prophet Amos mentions Beersheba in regard to idolatry (Amos 5:5 and 8:14). (more...)
The Plagues of Egypt are the ten calamities imposed upon Egypt by God in the Bible (as recounted in the Book of Exodus, chapters 7–12), in order to convince Pharaoh to let the poorly treated Israelite slaves go. The Plagues of Egypt are recognized by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The plagues as they appear in the Bible are:
Rivers and other water sources turned to blood. (Dam)
Death of the first-born of all Egyptian families. (Makat Bechorot)
The first three plagues seemed to affect "all the land of Egypt", while the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th did not affect the children of Israel. 8th is unclear. They were only spared from the final plague by sacrificing the Paschal lamb, marking their doorpost with the lamb's blood, and eating the sacrifice in a celebratory feast. The Torah describes the angel of death as killing all firstborn in Egypt, but passing over (hence "Passover") houses with lambs' blood on the doorpost. It was this plague which resulted in Pharaoh finally sending the Israelites away. (more...)
Ishmael is a figure in the Torah, Bible, and Qur'an, Abraham's eldest son. Chapters 16-25 of the Book of Genesis contain the stories of Ishmael. Sarah (Abraham's wife) offers her maidservant Hagar to Abraham as a surrogate. Hagar becomes pregnant and is proud of herself, which results in harsh treatment of her by Sarah. Hagar flees and an angel of the Lord tells her to return, adding that God will increase her descendants through a son whose name will be Ishmael. Hagar returns to Abraham's house, and has a son whom she names Ishmael. Sarah, angered by seeing Ishmael mocking Isaac, asks Abraham to expel him and his mother. Hagar, with her son, wander in the wilderness until they run out of water. When they are reduced to great distress, an angel appears and shows Hagar a spring of water saying "Lift the boy up and take him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation." They live in the wilderness of Paran, where he becomes an expert in archery. His mother marries him to an Egyptian woman. He has 12 sons who become twelve tribal chiefs and settle everywhere from Havilah to Shur, i.e. from Assyria to the border of Egypt. Ishmael also has a daughter named Mahalath or Bashemath who marries Esau. Ishmael also appears with Isaac at the burial of Abraham. Ishmael died at the age of 137. Read full article
The Pauline epistles are the thirteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to, and explicitly ascribed to, Paul of Tarsus. Some consider the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews a fourteenth Pauline epistle. Except for Hebrews (see Antilegomena), the Pauline authorship of these letters was not academically questioned until the nineteenth century. Seven letters are generally classified as “undisputed”, expressing contemporary scholarly near consensus that they are the work of Paul: Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon. Six additional letters bearing Paul's name do not currently enjoy the same academic consensus: Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 & 2 Timothy, and Titus. The first three, called the "Deutero-Pauline Epistles," have no consensus on whether or not they are authentic letters of Paul. The latter three, the "Pastoral Epistles", are widely regarded as pseudographs, though certain scholars do consider them genuine. There are two examples of pseudonymous letters written in Paul’s name apart from the alleged New Testament epistles. Since the early centuries of the church, there has been debate concerning the authorship of the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews, and contemporary liberal scholars reject Pauline authorship. Read full article
The Septuagint, or simply "LXX", is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC in Alexandria. It is the oldest of several ancient translations of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, lingua franca of the eastern Mediterranean Basin from the time of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC). The word septuaginta means "seventy" in Latin and derives from a tradition that seventy (or seventy-two) Jewish scholars translated the Pentateuch (Torah) from Hebrew into Greek for Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 285–246 BC. The Septuagint includes some books not found in the Hebrew Bible or Protestantcanon. The Septuagint was held in great respect in ancient times; Philo and Josephus ascribed divine inspiration to its authors. Besides the Old Latin versions, the LXX is also the basis for the Slavonic, Syro-hexaplar (but not the Peshitta), Old Armenian, Old Georgian and Coptic versions of the Old Testament. Of significance for all Christians and for Bible scholars, the LXX is quoted by the Christian New Testament and by the Apostolic Fathers. While Jews have not used the LXX in worship or religious study since the second century AD, recent scholarship has brought renewed interest in it in Judaic Studies. Some of the Dead Sea Scrolls attest to Hebrew texts other than those on which the Masoretic Text was based; in many cases, these newly found texts accord with he LXX version. The oldest surviving codices of LXX (Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and Codex Sinaiticus) date to the fourth century AD. (more...)
The internal consistency of the Bible is the question of how self-consistent the Hebrew and Christian scriptures are. This has long been an issue for Christians and Jews, who consider the Bible and Tanakh, respectively, to be divinely inspired: inconsistencies appear to throw doubt on this. Concerns regarding biblical consistency have a long history. In Contra Celsus, the church fatherOrigen replied to the writer Celsus, a critic of Christianity, who had complained that "certain of the Christian believers, like persons who in a fit of drunkenness lay violent hands upon themselves, have corrupted the Gospel from its original integrity, to a threefold, and fourfold, and many-fold degree, and have remodelled it, so that they might be able to answer objections". Origen responded that "I know of no others who have altered the Gospel, save the followers of Marcion, and those of Valentinus, and, I think, also those of Lucian. But such an allegation is no charge against the Christian system, but against those who dared so to trifle with the Gospels. And as it is no ground of accusation against philosophy, that there exist Sophists, or Epicureans, or Peripatetics, or any others, whoever they may be, who hold false opinions; so neither is it against genuine Christianity that there are some who corrupt the Gospel histories, and who introduce heresies opposed to the meaning of the doctrine of Jesus." Among the classic texts which discuss textual inconsistencies are The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine, the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus by Baruch Spinoza, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and the Dictionnaire philosophique of Voltaire. (more...)
Ashdod is the fifth-largest city in Israel, located in the Southern District of the country, on the Mediterraneancoast, with a population of 207,000. Ashdod is an important regional industrial centre. The Port of Ashdod is Israel's largest port accounting for sixty percent of the country's imported goods. The first documented settlement in Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of 17th century BC, making the city one of the most ancient in the world. Ashdod is mentioned thirteen times in the Bible. Judah's claim upon Ashdod is mentioned in the Book of Joshua. In the Book of Samuel Ashdod is mentioned among the principal Philistine cities. After capturing the Ark of the covenant from the Israelites, the Philistines took it to Ashdod, where it was placed in the temple of Dagon. The next morning Dagon was found prostrate, bowed down, before it; on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. In the Book of Nehemiah, some residents of Jerusalem are said to have married women from Ashdod, and half of the children of these unions were unable to understand Hebrew, but spoke "the language of Ashdod." In the Book of Isaiah an Assyrian general named Tartan, sent by Sargon, gained control of Ashdod in 711. The capture of the city by King Uzziah shortly after 815 B.C. is mentioned within the text of the Book of Chronicles and in the Book of Zechariah, speaking of the false Jews. The Book of Acts refers to Azotus (the Hellenistic name of Ashdod) as the place to which Philip the evangelist walked after the conversion of the Ethiopian eunuch. (more...)
The Book of Exodus is the second book of the Hebrew Bible/Christian Old Testament, and the second of five books of the Jewish Torah or Pentateuch. The book tells how Moses leads the Hebrews out of Egypt and through the wilderness to the Mountain of God Sinai. There Yahweh (YHWH), through Moses, gives the Hebrews their laws and enters into a covenant with them, by which he will give them the land of Canaan in return for their faithfulness. The book ends with the construction of the Tabernacle. According to tradition, Exodus and the other four books of the Torah were written by Moses. Modern biblical scholarship places its final textual in the mid 5th century BC, i.e. post-exilic but earlier than the Hellenistic period, although some parts, such as the Song of the sea and the Covenant Code may date to as early as the 9th to 10th century BC. (more...)
Cain and Abel have long been understood as the first and second sons of Adam and Eve in the religions of Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Their story is told in the Bible and Torah at Genesis 4:1–16 and the Qur'an at 5:26-32. However the Greek New Testament says of Cain that "he was from the wicked one". This assertion is also found in Jewish legend, that the serpent (Hebrew nahash נחש) from the Garden of Eden was father to firstborn Cain. In all versions, Cain is an arable farmer and his younger brother Abel is a shepherd. Cain is portrayed as sinful, committing the first murder by killing his brother, after God has rejected his offerings of produce but accepted the animal sacrifices brought by Abel. The oldest known copy of the Biblical narration is from the 1st century Dead Sea Scrolls. Cain and Abel also appear in a number of other texts, and the story is the subject of various interpretations. Abel, the first murder victim, is sometimes seen as the first martyr; while Cain, the first murderer, is sometimes seen as a progenitor of evil. A few scholars suggest the pericope may have been based on a Sumerian story representing the conflict between nomadic shepherds and settled farmers. Others think that it may refer to the days in which Agriculture began to replace the ways of the hunter-gatherer. Allusions to Cain and Abel as an archetype of fratricide persist in numerous references and retellings, through medieval art and Shakespearean works up to present day fiction.
The temptation of Christ in Christianity, refers to the temptation of Jesus by the devil as detailed in each of the Synoptic Gospels, at Matthew 4:1–11, Mark 1:12–13, and Luke 4:1–13. According to these texts, after being baptized, Jesus fasted for forty days and nights in the desert. During this time, the devil appeared to Jesus and tempted him to demonstrate his supernatural powers as proof of his divinity, each temptation being refused by Jesus with a quote of scripture. The Gospels state that having failed, the devil departed and angels came and brought nourishment to Jesus. Mark's account is very brief, merely noting the aforementioned events, but giving no details about them, not even how many there were. Matthew and Luke on the other hand, describe the temptations by recounting the details of the conversations between Jesus and the devil. Since the elements of the narrative that are in Matthew and Luke but not Mark are mostly pairs of quotations, rather than detailed narrative, many scholars believe that these extra details originate in the Q Document. The story of the Temptation is one of the notable Omissions in the Gospel of John. (more...)
The Book of Kells is an ornately illustrated manuscript, produced by Celticmonks around AD 800. It is one of the most lavishly illuminated manuscripts to survive the mediæval period. Because of its technical brilliance and great beauty, it is considered by many scholars to be one of the most important works in the history of mediæval art. It contains the four gospels of the Bible, in Latin, along with prefatory and explanatory matter, all decorated with numerous colourful illustrations and illuminations. Today it is on permanent display at the Trinity College Library in Dublin, Ireland where it is catalogued as MS 58. (more...)
The night sky as it appeared looking south from Jerusalem on Nov. 12, 7 BC, 6 p.m. to 9:30 p.m.
The Star of Bethlehem, also called the Christmas Star, is a star in Christian tradition that revealed the birth of Jesus to the magi, or "wise men", and later led them to Bethlehem. According to the Gospel of Matthew, the magi were men "from the east" who were inspired by the appearance of the star to travel to Jerusalem. There they met King Herod of Judea, and asked where the king of the Jews had been born. Herod then asked his advisers where a messiah could be born. They replied Bethlehem, a nearby village, and quoted a prophecy by Micah. While the magi were on their way to Bethlehem, the star appeared again. Following the star, which stopped above the place where Jesus was born, the magi found Jesus with his mother, paid him homage, worshipped him and gave gifts. They then returned to their "own country". Many Christians see the star as a miraculous sign to mark the birth of the christ (or messiah). Some theologians claimed that the star fulfilled a prophecy, known as the Star Prophecy. In modern times, astronomers have proposed various explanations for the star. A nova, a planet, a comet, an occultation, and a conjunction (gathering of planets) have all been suggested. (more...)
.jpg)
_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible).jpg)
.jpg)
