Posterior atlantooccipital membrane

Posterior atlantooccipital membrane
Posterior atlantooccipital membrane
	Posterior atlantooccipital membrane and atlantoaxial ligament. (Posterior atlantooccipital membrane is topmost gray region at center.)
Details
Identifiers
Latin	membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior
TA98	A03.1.08.004
TA2	1633
FMA	25006
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The posterior atlantooccipital membrane (posterior atlantooccipital ligament) is a broad but thin membrane^[1]^[2]^: 99 extending between the posterior margin of the foramen magnum above, and posterior arch of atlas (first cervical vertebra) below. It forms the floor of the suboccipital triangle.

The membrane helps limit excessive movement of the atlanto-occipital joints.^[2]^: 99

Anatomy

Attachments

The superior attachment of the membrane at the posterior margin of the foramen magnum, and its inferior attachment is at the superior margin of the posterior arch of atlas (cervical vertebra C1).^[1]^[2]^: 99^[3]^: 426

The membrane additionally attaches posteriorly (by a soft tissue bridge which may contain muscle or tendon fibres^[1]) to the recti capitis posteriores minores mucles,^[4]^[1] and anteriorly to the dura mater.^[1]

Innervation

The membrane is innervated by the spinal nerve C1.^[3]^: 426

Relations

At either lateral extremity,^[3]^{: 426, 430} the membrane is pierced by the vertebral artery^[3]^{: 426, 430, 452} and cervical spinal nerve C1.^[3]^: 426 The free border of the membrane arches over the artery and nerve,^[5] and is sometimes ossified (converting the passage for the vertebral artery into a foramen).^[3]^: 426

Laterally, the membrane blends with the articular capsules.^[1]

It is superficial/anterior to the dura mater of the spinal canal (onto which it attaches).^[4]^[1] The membrane overlies the grooves for vertebral arteries, vertebral venous plexuses, and cervical spinal nerves C1.^[1]

The membrane forms the floor of the suboccipital triangle.^[1]^[2]^: 125^[3]^: 430 It is deep to the recti capitis posteriores minores mucles (which attach onto the membrane^[4]^[1]),^[4] and the obliqui capitis superiores muscles.^[5]

Clinical significance

The membrane may be pierced with a needle at the midline superior to the arch of atlas^[3]^: 440 to access the cisterna magna.^[2]^: 894^[3]^: 440

Research

In 2015, Scali et al. revisited the anatomy of the posterior atlantooccipital membrane via plastination. Their findings revealed that the PAO membrane superiorly consisted of periosteum of the occiput, whereas inferiorly it formed part of the dura at the cerebrospinal junction, terminating at the level of the third cervical vertebra (rather than attaching to the posterior arch of the atlas).^[6] It is believed that this anatomical arrangement permits a superiorly located anchor point for epidural bridging structures and allows dural tensile forces to act in a summated synchronized manner. The author's hypothesize that this complex area assists with outflow of cerebrospinal fluid.^{[citation needed]}

Additional images

Median sagittal section through the occipital bone and first three cervical vertebræ.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42th ed.). New York. p. 840. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2018). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-1-4963-4721-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Sinnatamby, Chummy (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42th ed.). New York. p. 848. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Gray, Henry (1918). Gray's Anatomy (20th ed.). p. 296.
^ Frank Scali; Matthew E Pontell; Lance G Nash; Dennis E Enix (2015). "Investigation of meningomyovertebral structures within the upper cervical epidural space: a sheet plastination study with clinical implications". The Spine Journal. 15 (11): 2417–2424. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.07.438. PMID 26210227.

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[Standring2-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42th ed.). New York. p. 840. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[:0-2] Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2018). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-1-4963-4721-3.

[:02-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Sinnatamby, Chummy (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0.

[:2242-4] Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42th ed.). New York. p. 848. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[:022-5] Gray, Henry (1918). Gray's Anatomy (20th ed.). p. 296.

[6] Frank Scali; Matthew E Pontell; Lance G Nash; Dennis E Enix (2015). "Investigation of meningomyovertebral structures within the upper cervical epidural space: a sheet plastination study with clinical implications". The Spine Journal. 15 (11): 2417–2424. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.07.438. PMID 26210227.

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