Wikipedia

Potassium bromate

Potassium bromate (KBrO
3) is a bromate of potassium and takes the form of white crystals or powder. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Potassium bromate
Names
IUPAC name
Potassium bromate
Other names
  • Potassium bromate(V)
  • Bromic acid, potassium salt
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.936 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 231-829-8
15380
KEGG
RTECS number
  • EF8725000
UNII
UN number 1484
  • InChI=1S/BrHO3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1 checkY
    Key: OCATYIAKPYKMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-M checkY
  • InChI=1/BrHO3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
    Key: OCATYIAKPYKMPG-REWHXWOFAM
  • [K+].[O-]Br(=O)=O
Properties
KBrO
3
Molar mass 167.00 g/mol
Appearance white crystalline powder
Density 3.27 g/cm³
Melting point 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K)
Boiling point 370 °C (698 °F; 643 K) (decomposes)
3.1 g/100 mL (0 °C)
6.91 g/100 mL (20 °C)
13.3 g/100 mL (40 °C)
49.7 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility Insoluble in acetone
−52.6·10−6 cm³/mol
Structure
hexagonal
Thermochemistry
−342.5 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS03: OxidizingGHS06: ToxicGHS08: Health hazard
Danger
H271, H301, H350
P201, P202, P210, P220, P221, P264, P270, P280, P281, P283, P301+P310, P306+P360, P308+P313, P321, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorusSpecial hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate
3
0
2
OX
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
157 mg/kg (oral, rat)[1]
Safety data sheet (SDS) "ICSC 1115".
Related compounds
Other anions
 Potassium chlorate
Potassium iodate
Other cations
 Sodium bromate
Calcium bromate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Preparation

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Potassium bromate is produced when bromine is passed through a hot solution of potassium hydroxide. This first forms unstable potassium hypobromite, which quickly disproportionates into bromide and bromate:[2]

3 BrO−
   2 Br−
 + BrO−
3

Electrolysis of potassium bromide solutions will also give bromate. Both processes are analogous to those used in the production of chlorates.[citation needed]

Potassium bromate is readily separated from the potassium bromide present in both methods owing to its much lower solubility; when a solution containing potassium bromate and bromide is cooled to 0°C, nearly all bromate will precipitate, while nearly all of the bromide will stay in solution.[2]

Uses in baking

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Potassium bromate is typically used in the United States as a flour improver (E number E924). It acts to strengthen the dough and to allow higher rising. It is an oxidizing agent, and under the right conditions, is reduced to bromide in the baking process.[3][4] However, if too much is added, or if the bread is under-baked long or baked at a low enough temperature, then a residual amount remains, which may be harmful if consumed.[4]

Potassium bromate may be used in the production of malt barley, but under safety conditions prescribed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including labeling standards for the finished product.[5] It is a powerful oxidizer (electrode potential   = 1.5 volts, similar to potassium permanganate).[citation needed]

Regulation

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Potassium bromate is classified as a category 2B carcinogen by the IARC.[6] The FDA allowed the use of bromate before the Delaney clause of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act – which bans potentially carcinogenic substances – went into effect in 1958. Since 1991, the FDA has urged bakers to not use it, but has not mandated a ban.

Japanese baked goods manufacturers stopped using potassium bromate voluntarily in 1980; however, Yamazaki Baking resumed its use in 2005, claiming it had new production methods to reduce the amount of the chemical which remained in the final product.[7]

Potassium bromate is banned from food products in the European Union, Argentina, Brazil,[8] Canada, Nigeria, South Korea, and Peru. It was banned in Sri Lanka in 2001,[9] China in 2005,[10] and India in 2016,[11] but it is allowed in most of the United States. As of May 2023, the U.S. state of New York is considering banning the use of potassium bromate.[12]

In California, a warning label is required when bromated flour is used.[13] In October 2023, California enacted a law that banned the manufacture, sale, and distribution of potassium bromate (along with three other additives: brominated vegetable oil, propylparaben, and Red 3). The law takes effect in 2027. It was the first U.S. state to ban it.[14][15][16]

References

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  1. ^ "Potassium bromate". chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov. ChemIDplus. U.S. National Institutes of Health. RN 7758-01-2.
  2. ^ a b Synthesis, separation, and purification of KBr and KBrO (PDF). Pre-Labs (course notes). Advanced Placement Chemistry. Harvard-Westlake School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2016 – via Harvard-Westlake School (hwscience.com).
  3. ^ "Volume 13, Series 6, page 3136". Federal Register (compendium). Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service. Washington, DC: General Services Administration. 1948 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b Kurokawa, Y.; Maekawa, A.; Takahashi, M.; Hayashi, Y. (1 July 1990). "Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate – a new renal carcinogen". Environmental Health Perspectives. 87: 309–335. doi:10.1289/ehp.9087309. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1567851. PMID 2269236.
  5. ^ "Potassium Bromate". Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption (laws & regulations). U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. section 172.730 – via ecfr.gov.
  6. ^ Potassium bromate (group 2B) (Report). IARC Summaries & Evaluations. Vol. 73. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 73-17 – via inchem.org.
  7. ^ Kawo, Kuro; et al. (c. 1990). "Japan's Yamazaki Baking to use potassium bromate in bread". AsiaPulse News. Cited by
    Duvvuri, Shreemathi; Panchagnula, Shobharani (September–October 2016). "Analysis of potassium iodate and potassium bromate in bakery products by electro-analytical techniques" (PDF). International Journal of Trend in Research and Development. 3 (5): 412–413. ISSN 2394-9333 – via ijtrd.com.
  8. ^ "Dispõe sobre o uso do bromato de potássio na farinha e nos produtos de panificação" [Regarding the use of potassium bromate in flour and bakery products] (in Portuguese). c. 2001 – via planalto.gov.br.
  9. ^ "[title not cited]". E‑Law Advocate. No. 4. Bridges Across Borders. (2001). Archived from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2006-10-10. Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide [citation not found]
  10. ^ "Importer halts unsafe potato chips from the U.S." China Daily. 7 December 2007. Retrieved 2023-02-21 – via chinadaily.com.cn.
  11. ^ "India bans use of cancer-causing additive, potassium bromate, in bread, other food". The Times of India. 21 June 2016 [20 June 2016]. Retrieved 20 June 2016 – via timesofindia.indiatimes.com.
  12. ^ Smith, Dana G. (13 April 2023). "Two states have proposed bans on common food additives linked to health concerns". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 May 2023 – via nytimes.com.
  13. ^ "Bromate meets the criteria for listing". CRNR notices. oehha.ca.gov. Proposition 65. California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03.
  14. ^ Cimons, Marlene (2023-10-11). "California isn't banning Skittles, but four additives will be removed". Washington Post. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  15. ^ "AB-418 The California Food Safety Act". ca.gov.
  16. ^ "California becomes first U.S. state to ban 4 potentially harmful chemicals in food". CNN. 10 October 2023.
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