Primary ventricular fibrillation (PVF) is an unpredictable [1] and potentially fatal arrhythmia occurring during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction leading to immediate collapse and, if left untreated, leads to sudden cardiac death within minutes. In developed countries, PVF is a leading cause of death.[2] Worldwide, the annual number of deaths caused by PVF is comparable to the number of deaths caused by road traffic accidents.[3] A substantial portion of these deaths could be avoided by seeking immediate medical attention when symptoms are noticed.[2]
Risk factors
editThe risk of PVF during acute myocardial infarction is related to the amount of ST elevation, the presence of hypokalemia, the absence of pre-infarction angina, the size of the infarction, and the presence of a blocked left coronary artery. Other risk factors could include younger age, male gender, and history of sudden cardiac death in first degree relatives.[1]
Diagnosis
editDefinition
editPVF is defined as ventricular fibrillation not preceded by heart failure or shock, in contrast to secondary ventricular fibrillation, which is.[citation needed]
Prognosis
editAfter return of heart function, there has been a moderately higher risk of death in the hospital when compared to MI patients without PVF. Whether this still holds true with the recent changes in treatment strategies of earlier hospital admission and immediate angioplasty with thrombus removal is unknown. PVF does not affect the long-term prognosis.[4][5][6][7]
Survival
editThe survival of PVF largely depends on the promptness of defibrillation. The success rate of prompt defibrillation during monitoring is currently higher than 95%.[8] It is estimated that the success rate decreases by 10% for each additional minute of delay.[citation needed]
Incidence
editApproximately 10% of all myocardial infarctions lead to PVF.[2] The incidence peaks between 20 and 50 minutes after the start of the MI. 2/3 of events occur before medical attendance, and of these medically unattended events, 2/3 occur after more than 30 minutes of warning symptoms.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b Gheeraert PJ, De Buyzere ML, Taeymans YM, Gillebert TC, Henriques JP, De Backer G, De Bacquer D (2006). "Risk factors for primary ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur Heart J. 27 (21): 2499–510. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl218. PMID 16952926.
- ^ a b c d "primaryventricularfibrillation.com". Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
- ^ Mathers CD, Loncar D (2006). "Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030". PLOS Med. 3 (11): e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442. PMC 1664601. PMID 17132052.
- ^ Behar S, Goldbourt U, Reicher-Reiss H, Kaplinsky E (1990). "Prognosis of acute myocardial infarction complicated by primary ventricular fibrillation. Principal Investigators of the SPRINT Study". Am J Cardiol. 66 (17): 1208–11. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)91101-B. PMID 2239724.
- ^ Volpi A, Cavalli A, Franzosi MG, Maggioni A, Mauri F, Santoro E, Tognoni G (1989). "One-year prognosis of primary ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction. The GISSI (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto miocardico) investigators". Am J Cardiol. 63 (17): 1174–8. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(89)90174-4. PMID 2565684.
- ^ Nicod P, Gilpin E, Dittrich H, Wright M, Engler R, Rittlemeyer J, Henning H, Ross J (1988). ". Late clinical outcome in patients with early ventricular fibrillation after myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol. 11 (3): 464–470. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(88)91518-5. PMID 3343451.
- ^ de Jong JS, Wilde AA, Henriques JP, Dekker LR (2006). "Long Term Survival after First Myocardial Infarction is not Determined by the Occurrence of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Acute Phase but Family History for Sudden Death is Detrimental". Circulation. 114. II: Abstract.
- ^ Volpi A, Cavalli A, Santoro L, Negri E (1998). "Incidence and prognosis of early primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction--results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI-2) database". Am J Cardiol. 82 (3): 265–71. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00336-1. PMID 9708651.