House of Orange-Nassau

"House of Orange" redirects here. For other uses, see House of Orange (disambiguation).

The House of Orange-Nassau (Dutch: Huis van Oranje-Nassau, pronounced [ˈɦœys fɑn oːˌrɑɲə ˈnɑsʌu]) is the current reigning house of the Netherlands. A branch of the European House of Nassau, the house has played a central role in the politics and government of the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe, particularly since William the Silent organised the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, which after the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) led to an independent Dutch state. William III of Orange led the resistance of the Netherlands and Europe to Louis XIV of France and orchestrated the Glorious Revolution in England that established parliamentary rule. Similarly, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was instrumental in the Dutch resistance during World War II.

House of Orange-Nassau
Royal house
Royal arms of the Netherlands
Arms of William the Silent
Parent house	House of Nassau
Country	Netherlands, United Kingdom, Ireland, Luxembourg, Belgium, France, Germany, Orange, Nassau
Etymology	Orange, France & Nassau, Germany
Founded	15 July 1544 (1544-07-15)
Founder	William the Silent
Current head	King Willem-Alexander
Titles	List Current: King of the Netherlands Prince of Orange Marquis of Veere and Flushing Count of Katzenelnbogen Count of Vianden Count of Diez Count of Spiegelberg Count of Buren Count of Leerdam Count of Culemborg Burgrave of Antwerp Baron of Breda Baron of Diest Baron of Beilstein Baron of the town of Grave and the lands of Cuyk Baron of IJsselstein Baron of Cranendonk Baron of Eindhoven Baron of Liesveld Baron of Herstal Baron of Warneton Baron of Arlay and Nozeroy Hereditary and Free Lord of Ameland Lord of Borculo Lord of Bredevoort Lord of Lichtenvoorde Lord of Het Loo Lord of Geertruidenberg Lord of Clundert Lord of Zevenbergen Lord of Hooge and Lage Zwaluwe Lord of Naaldwijk Lord of Polanen Lord of St Maartensdijk Lord of Soest Lord of Baarn Lord of Ter Eem Lord of Willemstad Lord of Steenbergen Lord of Montfort Lord of St Vith Lord of Bütgenbach Lord of Dasburg Lord of Niervaart Lord of Turnhout Lord of Besançon Former: King of England, Scotland and Ireland Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands Grand Duke of Luxembourg Duke of Limburg Fürst of Nassau-Orange Fürst of Nassau-Orange-Fulda Princely Count of Nassau-Dietz Count of Nassau-Dillenburg Stadtholder in the Netherlands
Estate(s)	Netherlands
Dissolution	28 November 1962 (in agnatic line, following the death of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands)

Several members of the house served during the Eighty Years war and after as stadtholder ("governor"; Dutch: stadhouder) during the Dutch Republic. However, in 1815, after a long period as a republic, the Netherlands became a monarchy under the House of Orange-Nassau.

The dynasty was established as a result of the marriage of Henry III of Nassau-Breda from Germany and Claudia of Châlon-Orange from French Burgundy in 1515. Their son René of Chalon inherited in 1530 the independent and sovereign Principality of Orange from his mother's brother, Philibert of Châlon. As the first Nassau to be the Prince of Orange, René could have used "Orange-Nassau" as his new family name. However, his uncle, in his will, had stipulated that René should continue the use of the name Châlon-Orange. After René's death in 1544, his cousin William of Nassau-Dillenburg inherited all of his lands. This "William I of Orange", in English better known as William the Silent, became the founder of the House of Orange-Nassau.

Origins

Further information: House of Nassau and House of Chalon-Arlay

1544: "Orange-Nassau" symbolized by adding the "Châlon-Orange" arms in an escutcheon to the "Nassau" arms.

Nassau Castle was founded around 1100 by Dudo, Count of Laurenburg, the founder of the House of Nassau. In 1120, Dudo's sons and successors, Counts Rupert I and Arnold I, established themselves at Nassau Castle, taking for themselves the title "Count of Nassau". In 1255 the Nassau possessions were split between Walram and Otto, the sons of Count Henry II. The descendants of Walram were known as the Walram Line, and they became Dukes of Nassau and, in 1890, Grand Dukes of Luxembourg. This line also included Adolph of Nassau, who was elected King of the Romans in 1292. The descendants of Otto became known as the Ottonian Line, and they inherited parts of the County of Nassau, as well as properties in France and the Netherlands.

The House of Orange-Nassau stems from the younger Ottonian Line. The first of this line to establish himself in the Netherlands was John I, Count of Nassau-Siegen, who married Margaret of the Mark. The real founder of the Nassau fortunes in the Netherlands was John's son, Engelbert I. He became counsellor to the Burgundian Dukes of Brabant, first to Anton of Burgundy, and later to his son Jan IV of Brabant. He also would later serve Philip the Good. In 1403, he married the Dutch noblewoman Johanna van Polanen and so inherited lands in the Netherlands, with the Barony of Breda as the core of the Dutch possessions and the family fortune.

A nobleman's power was often based on his ownership of vast tracts of land and lucrative offices. It also helped that much of the lands that the House of Orange-Nassau controlled sat under one of the commercial and mercantile centres of the world (see below under Lands and Titles). The importance of the family grew throughout the 15th and 16th centuries as they became councilors, generals and stadholders of the Habsburgs (see armorial of the great nobles of the Burgundian Netherlands and list of knights of the Golden Fleece). Engelbert II of Nassau served Charles the Bold and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, who had married Charles's daughter Mary of Burgundy. In 1496, he was appointed stadtholder of Flanders and by 1498 he had been named President of the Grand Conseil. In 1501, Maximilian named him Lieutenant-General of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. From that point forward (until his death in 1504), Engelbert was the principal representative of the Habsburg Empire to the region. Hendrik III of Nassau-Breda was appointed stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland by Charles of Ghent in the beginning of the 16th century. Hendrik was succeeded by his son René of Chalon in 1538, who had inherited the title of Prince of Orange and the principality of that name from his maternal uncle Philibert of Chalon. In 1544, René died in battle aged 25. His possessions, including the principality and title, passed by his will as sovereign prince to his paternal cousin, William I of Orange. From then on, the family members called themselves "Orange-Nassau."

Eighty Years' War

Main article: Eighty Years' War

William the Silent, Prince of Orange, leader of the Dutch Revolt, and stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht by Adriaen Thomasz. Key, c. 1580

Although Charles V pretended to resist the Protestant Reformation, he ruled the Dutch territories wisely with moderation and regard for local customs, and he did not persecute his Protestant subjects on a large scale. His son Philip II inherited his antipathy for the Protestants but not his moderation. Under the reign of Philip, a true persecution of Protestants was initiated and taxes were raised to an outrageous level. Discontent arose and William of Orange (with his vague Lutheran childhood) stood up for the Protestant (mainly Calvinist) inhabitants of the Netherlands. Things went badly after the Eighty Years' War started in 1568, but luck turned to his advantage when Protestant rebels attacking from the North Sea captured Brielle, a coastal town in present-day South Holland in 1572. Many cities in Holland began to support William. During the 1570s he had to defend his core territories in Holland several times, but in the 1580s the inland cities in Holland were secure. William of Orange was considered a threat to Spanish rule in the area and was assassinated in 1584 by a hired killer sent by Philip.

William was succeeded by his second son Maurits, a Protestant who proved an excellent military commander. His abilities as a commander and the lack of strong leadership in Spain after the death of Philip II (1598) gave Maurits excellent opportunities to conquer large parts of the present-day Dutch territory. In 1585 Maurits was elected stadtholder of the provinces of Holland and Zealand as his father's successor and as a counterpose to Elizabeth's delegate, the Earl of Leicester. In 1587 he was appointed captain-general (military commander-in-chief) of the armies of the Dutch Republic. In the early years of the 17th century there arose quarrels between stadtholder and oligarchist regents—a group of powerful merchants led by Johan van Oldebarnevelt—because Maurits wanted more powers in the Republic. Maurits won this power struggle by arranging the judicial murder of Oldebarnevelt.

17th century

Expansion of dynastic power

Maurice died unmarried in 1625 and left no legitimate children. He was succeeded by his half-brother Frederick Henry (Dutch: Frederik Hendrik), youngest son of William I. Maurits urged his successor on his deathbed to marry as soon as possible. A few weeks after Maurits's death, he married Amalia van Solms-Braunfels. Frederick Henry and Amalia were the parents of a son and several daughters. These daughters were married to important noble houses such as the house of Hohenzollern, but also to the Frisian Nassaus, who were stadtholders in Friesland. His only son, William, married Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, the eldest daughter of Charles I of England. These dynastic moves were the work of Amalia.

Exile and resurgence

Further information: First Stadtholderless period

Painting by Willem van Honthorst (1662), diachronically depicting four generations of Princes of Orange: William I, Maurice and Frederick Henry, William II, and William III.

Frederick Henry died in 1647 and his son succeeded him. As the Treaty of Munster was about to be signed, thereby ending the Eighty Years' War, William tried to maintain the powers he had in wartime as military commander. These would necessarily be diminished in peacetime as the army would be reduced, along with his income. This met with great opposition from the regents. When Andries Bicker and Cornelis de Graeff, the great regents of the city of Amsterdam refused some mayors he appointed, he besieged Amsterdam. The siege provoked the wrath of the regents. William died of smallpox on November 6, 1650, leaving only a posthumous son, William III (*November 14, 1650). Since the Prince of Orange upon the death of William II, William III, was an infant, the regents used this opportunity to leave the stadtholdership vacant. This inaugurated the era in Dutch history that is known as the First Stadtholderless Period. A quarrel about the education of the young prince arose between his mother and his grandmother Amalia (who outlived her husband by 28 years). Amalia wanted an education which was pointed at the resurgence of the House of Orange to power, but Mary wanted a pure English education. The Estates of Holland, under Jan de Witt and Cornelis de Graeff, meddled in the education and made William a "child of state" to be educated by the state. The doctrine used in this education was keeping William from the throne. William became indeed very docile to the wishes of the regents and the Estates.

The Dutch Republic was attacked by France and England in 1672. The military function of stadtholder was no longer superfluous, and with the support of the Orangists, William was restored, and he became the stadtholder. William successfully repelled the invasion and seized royal power. He became more powerful than his predecessors from the Eighty Years' War. In 1677, William married his cousin Mary Stuart, the daughter of the future king James II of England. In 1688, William embarked on a mission to depose his Catholic father-in-law from the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. He and his wife were crowned the King and Queen of England on April 11, 1689. With the accession to the thrones of the three kingdoms, he became one of the most powerful sovereigns in Europe, and the only one to defeat Louis XIV of France. William III died childless after a riding accident on March 8, 1702, leaving the main male line of the House of Orange extinct, and leaving Scotland, England and Ireland to his sister-in-law Queen Anne.

Position in the Dutch Republic in the 17th century

Willem II (1626–50), prince of Orange, and his wife Princess Maria Stuart of England (1631–60).

The house of Orange-Nassau was relatively unlucky in establishing a hereditary dynasty in an age that favoured hereditary rule. The Stuarts and the Bourbons came to power at the same time as the Oranges, the Vasas and Oldenburgs were able to establish a hereditary kingship in Sweden and Denmark, and the Hohenzollerns were able to set themselves on a course to the rule of Germany. The House of Orange was no less gifted than those houses, in fact, some might argue more so, as their ranks included some the foremost statesmen and captains of the time. A 104 years separated the death of William the Silent from the accession of his great-grandson, William III, as King of England. Although the institutions of the United Provinces became more republican and entrenched as time went on, William the Silent had been offered the countship of Holland and Zealand, and only his assassination prevented his accession to those offices. This fact did not go unforgotten by his successors.

The Prince of Orange was also not just another noble among equals in the Netherlands. First, he was the traditional leader of the nation in war and in rebellion against Spain. He was uniquely able to transcend the local issues of the cities, towns and provinces. He was also a sovereign ruler in his own right (see Prince of Orange article). This gave him a great deal of prestige, even in a republic. He was the center of a real court like the Stuarts and Bourbons, French speaking, and extravagant to a scale. It was natural for foreign ambassadors and dignitaries to present themselves to him and consult with him as well as to the States General to which they were officially credited. The marriage policy of the princes, allying themselves twice with the Royal Stuarts, also gave them acceptance into the royal caste of rulers.

Besides showing the relationships among the family, the family tree below also points out an extraordinary run of bad luck. In the 211 years from the death of William the Silent to the conquest by France, there was only one time that a son directly succeeded his father as Prince of Orange, Stadholder and Captain-General without a minority (William II). When the Oranges were in power, they also tended to settle for the actualities of power, rather than the appearances, which increasingly tended to upset the ruling regents of the towns and cities. On being offered the dukedom of Gelderland by the States of that province, William III let the offer lapse as liable to raise too much opposition in the other provinces.

• 
  The collateral house of Nassau: the four brothers of Willem I, prince of Orange: Jan (1536–1606), sitting, Hendrik (1550–1574), Adolf (1540–1568) and Lodewijk (1538–1574), counts of Nassau.
• 
  "The Nassau Cavalcade", members of the House of Orange-Nassau on parade in 1621 from an engraving by Willem Delff. From left to right in the first row: Prince Maurice, Prince Philip William and Prince Frederick Henry, between Maurice and Frederick Henry is William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg.
• 
  Princes of the collateral House of Nassau-Dietz from the Stadhouderlijk Hof (nowadays called Princessehof Ceramics Museum) in Leeuwarden, H.Prince of Nassau, Henry Casimir, Prince of Nassau, George, Prince of Nassau, and Willem Frederick, Prince of Nassau_Dietz

The house of Orange was also related by marriage to several of these key European dynasties of the time, Stuart, Bourbon, and Palatine, Hannover and Hohenzollern. These alliances had consequences for all of them. William III used his double relationship with the Stuarts to justify his co-equal status with his wife on the English throne after the Glorious Revolution. As an arrière petit fils de France, albeit in the female line, he felt doubly insulted by his cousin Louis XIV's occupation and seizure of his sovereign principality of Orange. His death without children of his own ensured the passing of Orange to a Dutch cousin and years of squabbles over the same, while securing the British throne to the more distantly related House of Hanover.

Oranje en Stuart/Houses of Orange and Stuart

William the Silent, Prince of Orange Henry IV of France James I of England Louis XIII Maurice, Prince of Orange Amalia of Solms-Braunfels Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange Henrietta Maria Charles I of England Elizabeth Stuart Louis XIV Louise Henriette of Nassau Albertine Agnes of Nassau William II, Prince of Orange Mary, Princess Royal Charles II of England James II of England Sophia of the Palatine Prince Rupert of the Rhine Frederick I of Prussia Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz William III of Orange and England Mary II of England Anne of England James Francis Edward George I of Great Britain John William Friso, Prince of Orange  Prince of Orange   Member of House of Orange   King of France   Prince or Princess of France   King of England/House of Stuart   Prince/Princess of England   House of Palatine   King of Great Britain/House of Hanover   Elector of Brandenburg & King in Prussia/ House of Hohenzollern

18th century

Second Stadtholderless period

Further information: Second Stadtholderless period

The regents found that they had suffered under the powerful leadership of William III as the ruler of the Netherlands and king in the British Isles and they left the stadtholdership vacant for the second time. As William III died childless in 1702 the principality became a matter of dispute between Prince John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz of the Frisian Nassaus and King Frederick I of Prussia, who both claimed the title Prince of Orange. Both descended from Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. The King of Prussia was his grandson through his mother, Countess Luise Henriette of Nassau. Frederick Henry in his will had appointed this line as successor in case the main House of Orange-Nassau were to die out. John William Friso was a great-grandson of Frederick Henry (through Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau, another daughter) and was appointed heir in William III's will. The principality was captured by the forces of King Louis XIV of France under François Adhémar de Monteil, Count of Grignan, in the Franco-Dutch War in 1672, and again in August 1682. With the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the wars of Louis XIV, the territory was formally ceded to France by Frederick I in 1713. John William Friso drowned in 1711 in the Hollands Diep near Moerdijk, and he left his posthumously born son William IV, Prince of Orange. That son succeeded at that time his father as stadtholder in Friesland (as the stadtholdership had been hereditary in that province since 1664), and Groningen. William IV was proclaimed the stadtholder of Guelders, Overijssel, and Utrecht in 1722. When the French invaded Holland in 1747, William IV was appointed stadtholder in Holland and Zeeland as well in the Orangist revolution. The position of stadtholder was made hereditary in both the male and the female lines in all provinces at the same time.

Hereditary territories in Germany

Hereditary possessions of the House of Orange-Nassau in Germany in 1789

After the Nassau-Dietz branch took over, the House of Orange-Nassau had acquired the following territories by the end of the 18th century in the Holy Roman Empire, located in present-day Germany:

• County of Nassau-Dillenburg, elevated to principality in 1654
• County of Nassau-Siegen, elevated to principality
• County of Nassau-Dietz, elevated to principality
• County of Nassau-Hadamar, elevated to principality
• Fief Beilstein
• Fief Spiegelberg
• Amt Nassau (shared with Nassau-Usingen)
• Amt Kirrberg (shared with Nassau-Usingen)
• Grund Seel and Burbach (shared with Nassau-Weilburg)
• Amt Camberg (shared with the Electorate of Trier)
• Amt Wehrheim (shared with the Electorate of Trier)
• Ems custody (shared with Hesse-Darmstadt)

Around 1742, William IV of Orange established the Hochdeutsche Hofdepartement, an administrative centre located in The Hague inside the Dutch Republic, which looked after the family's possessions in Germany.

End of the stadtholdership

William IV died in 1751, leaving his three-year-old son, William V, as the stadtholder. Since William V was still a minor, the regents reigned for him. He grew up to be an indecisive person, a character defect which would come to haunt William V his whole life. His marriage to Wilhelmina of Prussia relieved this defect to some degree. In 1787, Willem V survived an attempt to depose him by the Patriots (anti-Orangist revolutionaries) after the Kingdom of Prussia intervened. When the French invaded Holland in 1795, William V was forced into exile, and he was never to return alive to Holland.

After 1795, the House of Orange-Nassau faced a difficult period, surviving in exile at other European courts, especially those of Prussia and Britain. Following the recognition of the Batavian Republic by the 1801 Oranienstein Letters, William V's son William VI renounced the stadtholdership in 1802. In return, he received a few territories like the Free Imperial City of Dortmund, Corvey Abbey and Diocese of Fulda from First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte of the French Republic (Treaty of Amiens), which was established as the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda. William V died in 1806.

Monarchy since 1813

Main article: Monarchy of the Netherlands

United Kingdom of the Netherlands

After a repressed Dutch rebel action, Prussian and Cossack troops drove out the French in 1813, with the support of the Patriots of 1785. A provisional government was formed, most of whose members had helped drive out William V 18 years earlier. However, they were realistic enough to accept that any new government would have to be headed by William V's son, William Frederick (William VI). All agreed that it would be better in the long term for the Dutch to restore William themselves rather than have him imposed by the allies.

Prince William of Orange wounded at Waterloo, 1815

At the invitation of the provisional government, William Frederick returned to the Netherlands on November 30. This move was strongly supported by the United Kingdom, which sought ways to strengthen the Netherlands and deny future French aggressors easy access to the Low Countries' Channel ports. The provisional government offered William the crown. He refused, believing that a stadholdership would give him more power. Thus, on December 6, William proclaimed himself hereditary sovereign prince of the Netherlands—something between a kingship and a stadholdership. In 1814, he was awarded sovereignty over the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège as well. On March 15, 1815, with the support of the powers gathered at the Congress of Vienna, William proclaimed himself King William I. He was also made grand duke of Luxembourg, and (to assuage French sensitivity by distancing the title from the now-defunct principality) the title 'Prince of Orange' was changed to 'Prince of Oranje'. The two countries remained separate, though they shared a common monarch via a personal union. William had thus fulfilled the House of Orange's three-century quest to unite the Low Countries.

The institution of the monarch in the Netherlands is considered an office under the Constitution of the Netherlands. There are none of the religious connotations to the office as in some other monarchies. A Dutch sovereign is inaugurated rather than crowned in a coronation ceremony. It was initially more of a crowned/hereditary presidency, and a continuation of the status quo ante of the pre-1795 hereditary stadholderate in the Republic. In practice, the current monarch has considerably less power than the stadtholder.

As king of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, William tried to establish one common culture. This provoked resistance in the southern parts of the country, which had been culturally separate from the north since 1581. He was considered an enlightened despot.

The Prince of Orange held rights to Nassau lands (Dillenburg, Dietz, Beilstein, Hadamar, Siegen) in central Germany. On the other hand, the King of Prussia, Frederick William III—brother-in-law and first cousin of William I, had beginning from 1813 managed to establish his rule in Luxembourg, which he regarded as his inheritance from Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg who had died over three centuries earlier. At the Congress of Vienna, the two brothers-in-law agreed to a trade—Frederick William received William I's ancestral lands while William I received Luxembourg. Both got what was geographically nearer to their centre of power.

In 1830, most of the southern portion of William's realm—the former Austrian Netherlands and Prince-Bishopric—declared independence as Belgium. William fought a disastrous war until 1839 when he was forced to settle for peace. With his realm halved, he decided to abdicate in 1840 in favour of his son, William II. Although William II shared his father's conservative inclinations, in 1848 he accepted an amended constitution that significantly curbed his own authority and transferred the real power to the States General. He took this step to prevent the Revolutions of 1848 from spreading to his country.

William III and the risk of extinction

Further information: Luxembourg Crisis; Republicanism in the Netherlands § 1848–1890: Waning popularity; and Republicanism in the Netherlands § Succession secured, republic prevented

William II died in 1849. He was succeeded by his son, William III. A rather conservative, even reactionary man, William III was sharply opposed to the new 1848 constitution. He continually tried to form governments that were dependent on his support, even though it was prohibitively difficult for a government to stay in office against the will of Parliament. In 1868, he tried to sell Luxembourg to France, which was the source of a quarrel between Prussia and France.

William III had a rather unhappy marriage with Sophie of Württemberg, and his heirs died young. This raised the possibility of the extinction of the House of Orange-Nassau. After the death of Queen Sophie in 1877, William remarried to 20-year-old Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1879; he was 41 years older than her. On 31 August 1880, Queen Emma gave birth to their daughter and the royal heiress, Wilhelmina. There were considerably more concerns over the royal dynasty's future, when Wilhelmina's marriage with Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (since 1901) repeatedly resulted in miscarriages. Had the House of Orange died out, the throne would likely have passed to Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz, leading the Netherlands into an undesirably strong influence from the German Empire that would threaten Dutch independence. Not just Socialists, but now also Anti-Revolutionary politicians including Prime Minister Abraham Kuyper and Liberals such as Samuel van Houten advocated the restoration of the Republic in Parliament in case the marriage remained childless. The birth of Princess Juliana in 1909 put the question to rest.

Monarchy in modern times

Frederiksplein in Amsterdam during the entry of Queen Wilhelmina, 5 September 1898

Wilhelmina was queen of the Netherlands for 58 years, from 1890 to 1948. Because she was only 10 years old in 1890, her mother, Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, was the regent until Wilhelmina's 18th birthday in 1898. Since females were not allowed to hold power in Luxembourg, due to Salic law, Luxembourg passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg, a collateral line to the House of Orange-Nassau. For a time, it appeared that the Dutch royal family would die with Wilhelmina. Her half-brother, Prince Alexander, had died in 1884, and no royal babies were born from then until Wilhelmina gave birth to her only child, Juliana, in 1909. The Dutch royal house remained quite small until the later 1930s and the early 1940s, during which time Juliana gave birth to four daughters. Although the House of Orange died out in its male line with the death of Queen Wilhelmina, it continued in the female line as can be seen in other modern European monarchies, the name "Orange" continues to be used by the Dutch royalty and as evidenced in many patriotic songs, such as "Oranje boven".

The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, during her reign, and the country was not invaded by Germany, as neighbouring Belgium was.

Nevertheless, Queen Wilhelmina became a symbol of the Dutch resistance during World War II. The moral authority of the Monarchy was restored because of her rule. After 58 years on the throne as the Queen, Wilhelmina decided to abdicate in favour of her daughter, Juliana. Juliana had the reputation of making the monarchy less "aloof", and under her reign the Monarchy became known as the "cycling monarchy". Members of the royal family were often seen riding bicycles through the cities and the countryside under Juliana.

A royal marriage controversy occurred in 1966 when Juliana's eldest daughter, the future Queen Beatrix, decided to marry Claus von Amsberg, a German diplomat. The marriage of a member of the royal family to a German was quite controversial in the Netherlands, which had suffered under Nazi German occupation in 1940–45. This reluctance to accept a German consort probably was exacerbated by von Amsberg's former membership in the Hitler Youth under the Nazi regime in his native country, and also his following service in the German Wehrmacht. Beatrix needed permission from the government to marry anyone if she wanted to remain heiress to the throne, but after some argument, it was granted. As the years went by, Prince Claus was fully accepted by the Dutch people. In time, he became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy, and his death in 2002 was widely mourned.

On April 30, 1980, Queen Juliana abdicated in favour of her daughter, Beatrix. In the early years of the twenty-first century, the Dutch monarchy remained popular with a large part of the population. Beatrix's eldest son, Willem-Alexander, was born on April 27, 1967; the first immediate male heir to the Dutch throne since the death of his great-granduncle, Prince Alexander, in 1884. Willem-Alexander married Máxima Zorreguieta, an Argentine banker, in 2002; the first commoner ever to marry an heir apparent to the Dutch throne. They are parents of three daughters: Catharina-Amalia, Alexia, and Ariane. After a long struggle with neurological illness, Queen Juliana died on March 20, 2004, and her husband, Prince Bernhard, died on December 1 of that same year.

Upon Beatrix's abdication on April 30, 2013, the Prince of Orange was inaugurated as King Willem-Alexander, becoming the Netherlands' first male ruler since 1890. His eldest daughter, Catharina-Amalia, as heiress apparent to the throne, became Princess of Orange in her own right.

Net worth

See also: List of the richest royals

Unlike other royal houses, there has always been a separation in the Netherlands between what was owned by the state and used by the House of Orange in their offices as monarch, or previously, stadtholder, and the personal investments and fortune of the House of Orange.

As monarch, the King or Queen has use of, but not ownership of, the Huis ten Bosch as a residence and Noordeinde Palace as a work palace. In addition, the Royal Palace of Amsterdam is also at the disposal of the monarch (although it is only used for state visits and is open to the public when not in use for that purpose). Soestdijk Palace was sold to private investors in 2017. The crown jewels, comprising the crown, orb and sceptre, Sword of State, royal banner, and ermine mantle have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services. The Royal House is also exempt from income, inheritance, and personal tax.

The House of Orange has long had the reputation of being one of the wealthier royal houses in the world, largely due to their business investments in Royal Dutch Shell, Philips electronics company, KLM-Royal Dutch Airlines, and the Holland-America Line. How significant these investments are is a matter of conjecture, as their private finances, unlike their public stipends as monarch, are not open to public scrutiny.

As late as 2001, the fortune of the Royal Family was estimated by various sources (Forbes magazine) at $3.2 billion. Most of the wealth was reported to come from the family's longstanding stake in the Royal Dutch/Shell Group. At one time, the Oranges reportedly owned as much as 25% of the oil company; their stake is in 2001 was estimated at a minimum of 2%, worth $2.7 billion on the May 21 cutoff date for the Billionaires issue. The family also was estimated to have a 1% stake in financial services firm ABN-AMRO.

The royal family's fortune seems to have been hit by declines in real estate and equities after 2008. They were also rumored to have lost up to $100 million when Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme collapsed, though the royal house denies the allegations. In 2009, Forbes estimated Queen Beatrix's wealth at US$300 million. This could also have been due to splitting the fortune between Queen Beatrix and her 3 sisters, as there is no right of the eldest to inherit the whole property. A surge in export revenue, recovery in real estate and strong stock market have helped steady the royal family's fortunes, but uncertainty over the new government and future austerity measures needed to bring budget deficits in line may dampen future prospects. In July 2010, Forbes magazine estimated her net worth at $200 million This estimate was unchanged in April 2011.

List of rulers

Stadtholderate under the House of Orange-Nassau

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
William I Father of the nation, William the Silent, Prince of Orange	(1533-04-24)24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584(1584-07-10) (aged 51)	1559	1584	Stadtholder	Orange-Nassau
Maurice Prince of Orange	(1567-11-14)14 November 1567 – 23 April 1625(1625-04-23) (aged 57)	1585	1625	Stadtholder, son of William I	Orange-Nassau
Frederick Henry Prince of Orange	(1584-01-29)29 January 1584 – 14 March 1647(1647-03-14) (aged 63)	1625	1647	Stadtholder, son of William I	Orange-Nassau
William II Prince of Orange	(1626-05-27)27 May 1626 – 6 November 1650(1650-11-06) (aged 24)	14 March 1647	6 November 1650	Stadtholder, son of Frederick Henry	Orange-Nassau
William III Prince of Orange	(1650-11-04)4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702(1702-03-08) (aged 51)	4 July 1672	8 March 1702	Stadtholder, son of William II	Orange-Nassau
William IV Prince of Orange	(1711-09-01)1 September 1711 – 22 October 1751(1751-10-22) (aged 40)	1 September 1711 (under the regency of Marie Louise until 1731)	22 October 1751	Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands, son of John William Friso	Orange-Nassau
William V Prince of Orange	(1748-03-08)8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806(1806-04-09) (aged 58)	22 October 1751	9 April 1806	Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands, son of William IV, succeeded by his son King William I (-> Principality of the Netherlands (1813–1815)	Orange-Nassau

Stadtholderate under the Houses of Nassau-Dillenburg and Nassau-Dietz

Note:

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
John VI Jan de Oude (John the Elder)	(1536-11-22)22 November 1536 – 8 October 1606(1606-10-08) (aged 69)	1578	1581	Stadtholder, brother of William I	Nassau-Dillenburg
William Louis Us Heit (Our Father)	(1560-03-13)13 March 1560 – 31 May 1620(1620-05-31) (aged 60)	1584	1620	Stadtholder, son of John VI	Nassau-Dillenburg
Ernest Casimir I	(1573-12-22)22 December 1573 – 2 June 1632(1632-06-02) (aged 58)	1620	1632	Stadtholder, son of John VI	Nassau
Henry Casimir I	(1612-01-21)21 January 1612 – 13 July 1640(1640-07-13) (aged 28)	1632	1640	Stadtholder, son of Ernest Casimir I	Nassau-Dietz
William Frederick	(1613-08-07)7 August 1613 – 31 October 1664(1664-10-31) (aged 51)	1640	1664	Stadtholder, son of Ernest Casimir I	Nassau
Henry Casimir II	(1657-01-18)18 January 1657 – 25 March 1696(1696-03-25) (aged 39)	18 January 1664	25 March 1696	Hereditary Stadtholder, son of William Frederick	Nassau-Dietz
John William Friso	(1687-08-04)4 August 1687 – 14 July 1711(1711-07-14) (aged 23)	25 March 1696	14 July 1711	Hereditary Stadtholder, son of Henry Casimir II, succeeded by his son William IV of Orange-Nassau, Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands (-> Stadtholderate under the House of Orange-Nassau	Nassau-Dietz, Orange-Nassau

Principality of the Netherlands (1813–1815)

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
William I	(1772-08-24)24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843(1843-12-12) (aged 71)	6 December 1813	16 March 1815	Raised Netherlands to status of kingdom in 1815, son of Stadtholder William V	Orange-Nassau

Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–present)

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family	Image
William I	(1772-08-24)24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843(1843-12-12) (aged 71)	16 March 1815	7 October 1840	Son of the last Stadtholder William V	Orange-Nassau
William II	(1792-12-06)6 December 1792 – 17 March 1849(1849-03-17) (aged 56)	7 October 1840	17 March 1849	Son of William I	Orange-Nassau
William III	(1817-02-17)17 February 1817 – 23 November 1890(1890-11-23) (aged 73)	17 March 1849	23 November 1890	Son of William II	Orange-Nassau
Wilhelmina	(1880-08-31)31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962(1962-11-28) (aged 82)	23 November 1890	4 September 1948	Daughter of William III	Orange-Nassau
Juliana	(1909-04-30)30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004(2004-03-20) (aged 94)	4 September 1948	30 April 1980	Daughter of Wilhelmina	Orange-Nassau
Beatrix	(1938-01-31) 31 January 1938	30 April 1980	30 April 2013	Daughter of Juliana	Orange-Nassau
Willem-Alexander	(1967-04-27) 27 April 1967	30 April 2013		Son of Beatrix	Orange-Nassau

Royal family versus royal house

Main article: Dutch royal house

Under Dutch law, there is a distinction between the royal family and the Dutch royal house. Whereas 'royal family' refers to the entire Orange-Nassau family, only a small subgroup of it constitutes the royal house. By the Royal House Membership Act 2002, membership of the royal house is limited to:

The royal house and family is the Orange-Nassau family.

• (Article 1) the reigning monarch (King or Queen);
• (Article 1a) the members of the royal family in the line of succession to the Dutch throne, limited to the second degree of sanguinity reckoned from the reigning monarch;
• (Article 1b) the heir presumptive of the reigning monarch;
• (Article 1c) the former monarch (upon abdication);
• (Article 2) the spouses of the above, even if the above die.
• (Article 3) H.R.H. Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, (for whom an exception was made);

Members of the Royal House lose their membership (and thereby, designation as prince or princess of the Netherlands) if they lose the membership of the Royal House on the succession of a new monarch (not being in the second degree of sanguinity to the monarch anymore, Article 1a), or by royal decree approved by the Council of State (Article 5). This last scenario could happen, for example, if a royal house member marries without the consent of the Dutch Parliament. For example, this happened with Prince Friso in 2004, when he married Mabel Wisse Smit.

Family tree

Origins of the Nassaus

The lineage of the House of Nassau can be traced back to the 10th century.

Family tree of the House of Nassau

The following family tree is compiled from Wikipedia and the reference cited in the note Dudo of Laurenburg (c. 1060 – c. 1123) Count of Laurenburg r.1093 Rupert (Ruprecht) I of Nassau (c. 1090 – c. 1154) co-Count of Laurenburg r.1123 1st Count of Nassau Arnold I Count of Laurenburg (d.c. 1148) Rupert (Ruprecht) II Count of Laurenburg (1154–1158)(d.c. 1159) Walram I (French: Valéran) (c. 1146–1198) was the first (legally titled) Count of Nassau (1154–1198) Henry (Heinrich) I co-Count of Nassau (1160 – August 1167) Rupert (Ruprecht) III the Bellicose (d.1191) co-Count of Nassau (1160–1191) Henry (Heinrich) II the Rich Count of Nassau (1180–1251) Rupert (Ruprecht) IV Count of Nassau (1198–1230) Teutonic Knight (1230–1240) Herrmann (d.aft. 3 December 1240) Canon of Mainz Cathedral Walram II of Nassau (c. 1220 – 1276) WALRAMIAN Branch Present-day rulers of Luxembourg Rupert (Ruprecht) V d.before 1247 Teutonic Knight (1230–1240) Otto I of Nassau (reigned c. 1247 – 1290) OTTONIAN branch Present-day rulers of the Netherlands John (c. 1230 – 1309) Bishop-Elect of Utrecht (1267–1290) Adolf (c. 1255–1298) King of Germany (1292–1298) Henry I (d.1343) Count of Nassau-Siegen Emicho I (d.7 June 1334) Count of Nassau-Hadamar extinct 1394 John (d.1328) Count Nassau-Dillenburg Ruprecht (d.1304) Gerlach I Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden (bef.1288–1361) Walram III Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden Otto II (c. 1305–1350/1351) Count of Nassau-Siegen Henry I (1307–1388) Count of Nassau-Beilstein ext. 1561 Adolph (1307–1370) Count of Nassau in Wiesbaden-Idstein ext 1605 John I (1309–1371) Count of Nassau-Weilburg Rupert the Bellicose (c. 1340–1390) Count of Nassau-Sonnenberg John I (c. 1339–1416) Count of Nassau-Siegen Philip I (1368–1429) Count of Nassau in Weilburg, Saarbrücken, etc. Adolf I (1362–1420) Count of Nassau-Siegen John II "The Elder" (d. 1443) Engelbert I (c. 1370/80–1442) Count of Nassau-Siegen, Baron of Breda founder of the Netherlands Nassaus John III "The Younger" d. 1430 Count of Nassau-Siegen Philip II (1418–1492) Count of Nassau-Weilburg John II (1423–1472) Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken ext. 1574 John IV (1410–1475) Count of Nassau-Siegen Henry II (1414–1451) Count of Nassau-Siegen John III (1441–1480) Count of Nassau-Weilburg Philip (1443–1471) Count of Nassau-Weilburg Engelbert II the Valorious (1451–1504) Count of Nassau and Vianden, Baron of Breda(fr), Lek, Diest, Roosendaal en Nispen and Wouw John V (1455–1516) Count of Nassau-Siegen House of Nassau-Weilburg and the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg House of Orange-Nassau

A detailed family tree can be found here. A detailed family tree of the House of Orange-Nassau from the 15th century can be found on the Dutch Wikipedia at Dutch monarchs family tree.

Orange and Nassau Family Tree

A summary family tree of the House of Orange-Nassau

From the joining of the house of Nassau-Breda/Dillenburg and the House of Châlon-Arlay-Orange to the end of the Dutch Republic is shown below. The family spawned many famous statesmen and generals, including two of the acknowledged "first captains of their age", Maurice of Nassau and the Marshal de Turenne. John V Count of Nassau-Siegen 1455–1516 Stadholder of Gelderland John IV Prince of Orange, 1475–1502 William the Rich Count of Nassau-Siegen 1487- 1559 Henry III Count of Nassau-Breda 1483–1538 Claudia of Châlon 1498–1521 Philibert of Châlon of Châlon Prince of Orange 1502–1530 William I "the Silent" 1533–1584 Prince of Orange 1544 Stadholder of Holland, Zealand & Utrecht Louis 1538–1574 Adolf 1540–1568 Henry 1550–1574 John VI "the Elder" 1536–1606 Stadholder of Gelderland René of Châlon 1519–1544 Prince of Orange r.1521 Philip William 1554–1618 Prince of Orange r.1584 Maurice 1567–1625 Prince of Orange r.1618 Stadholder of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, etc. Frederick Henry 1584–1647 Prince of Orange r.1625 Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, & etc. Louise Juliana 1576–1644 married Frederick IV Elector Palatine from whom the British royal family descends Elisabeth 1577–1642 married Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne Duke of Bouillon (illeg.) Justinus van Nassau 1559–1631 Admiral & General Governor of Breda 1601–1625 William Louis "Us Heit" Count of Nassau-Dillenburg 1560–1620 Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe Ernst Casimir Count of Nassau-Dietz 1573–1632 Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe John VII "the Middle" Count of Nassau-Siegen r.1561–1623 (illeg.) William of Nassau 1601–1627 Lord of de Lek (illeg.) Louis of Nassau Lord of De Lek and Beverweerd 1602–1665 Charles I King of England 1630-1685 Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia (1596–1662) Frederick V Elector Palatine r.1610 King of Bohemia r.1619–1621 Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne Vicomte de Turenne & Marshal-General of France 1611–1675 James II King of England Mary Princess Royal William II 1626–1650 Prince of Orange & Stadholder of Holland, Zealand, etc, r.1647 Louise Henriette 1627–1667 married Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (illeg.) Frederick Nassau de Zuylestein 1608–1672 general of the army Albertine Agnes 1634–1696) William Frederick 1613–1664 Count —later Prince— of Nassau-Dietz, Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe Henry Casimir I Count of Nassau-Dietz 1612–1640 Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe John Maurice "the Brazilian" Prince of Nassau-Siegen 1604–1679 Governor of Dutch Brazil Field Marshal of the Dutch Army Mary II Queen of England William III 1650–1702 Prince of Orange 1650 Stadholder of Holland, Zealand, etc, 1672 King of England, 1689 ceded claims to the lands of Orange to France in 1713 but kept right to use the title in its German form. Kings of Prussia and later German Emperors currently Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, "Prinz von Oranien" Earls of Rochford in England Henry Casimir II Prince of Nassau-Dietz 1657–1696 Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe John William Friso 1687–1711 appointed heir by William III Prince of Orange r.1702 Stadholder of Frieslandr.1696 Anne Princess Royal of England William IV 1711–1751 Prince of Orange Stadholder of Holland, Zealand, etc. 1747 Wilhelmina of Prussia William V 1748–1806 Prince of Orange r.1751 Stadholder of Holland, Zealand, etc. r.1751–1795 Carolina 1743–1787 Charles Christian Prince of Nassau-Weilburg r.1735–1788 Princess Louise of Orange-Nassau 1770–1819 married Karl, Hereditary Prince of Braunschweig(-Wolfenbuttel) Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau 1774–1799 William VI Fürst of Nassau-Orange-Fulda 1803–1806 Fürst of Nassau-Orange Prince of Orange r.1806 later William I King of the Netherlands r.1815 Frederick William Prince of Nassau-Weilburg 1768–1816 Royal Family of the Netherlands William Duke of Nassau 1792–1839 Adolphe 1817–1905 Duke of Nassau r.1839–1866 Grand Duke of Luxembourg r.1890–1905 Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg

The main house of Orange-Nassau also spawned several illegitimate branches. These branches contributed to the political and economic history of England and the Netherlands. Justinus van Nassau was the only extramarital child of William of Orange. He was a Dutch army commander known for unsuccessfully defending Breda against the Spanish, and the depiction of his surrender on the famous picture by Diego Velázquez, The Surrender of Breda. Louis of Nassau, Lord of De Lek and Beverweerd was a younger illegitimate son of Prince Maurice and Margaretha van Mechelen. His descendants were later created Counts of Nassau-LaLecq. One of his sons was the famous general Henry de Nassau, Lord of Overkirk, King William III's Master of the Horse, and one of the most trusted generals of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. His descendants became the Earls of Grantham in England. Frederick van Nassau, Lord of Zuylestein, an illegitimate son of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, gave rise to the Earls of Rochford in England. The 4th earl of Rochford was a famous English diplomat and a statesman.

Royal House of Orange-Nassau

In 1815, William VI of Orange became King of the Netherlands. This summary genealogical tree shows how the current Royal house of Orange-Nassau is related:

William I, 1772–1843, King of the Netherlands, 1815–1840

Wilhelmina of Prussia

William II, 1792–1849, King of the Netherlands, 1840

Anna Pavlovna of Russia

Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, 1797–1881

Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau, 1800–1806

Princess Marianne of the Netherlands, 1810–1883 married Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872)

Emma of Waldeck-Pyrmont

William III, 1817–1890, King of the Netherlands, 1849

Sophia of Württemberg

Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, 1818–1848

Prince Henry of the Netherlands, "the Navigator" 1820–1879

Princess Sophie of the Netherlands, 1824–1897 married Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Princess Louise of the Netherlands,1828–1871 married Charles XV of Sweden

Princess Marie of the Netherlands, 1841–1910 married William, Prince of Wied one son was William, Prince of Albania

Wilhelmina, 1880–1962, Queen of the Netherlands, 1890–1948 To 1907 after 1907

Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1876–1934, Prince of the Netherlands

William, Prince of Orange 1840–1879

Prince Maurice of the Netherlands, 1843–1850

Alexander, Prince of Orange, 1851–1884

Juliana 1909–2004, Queen of the Netherlands, 1948–1980

Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, Prince of the Netherlands 1911–2004

Beatrix,1938–, Queen of the Netherlands,1980–2013

Claus van Amsberg,1926–2002, Prince of the Netherlands

Princess Irene of the Netherlands, 1939, m.(1964–1981) Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma, 4 children not eligible for throne

Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, 1943–

Pieter van Vollenhoven

Princess Christina of the Netherlands,(1947–2019), m. Jorge Pérez y Guillermo (m. 1975; div. 1996), 3 children not eligible for throne

William-Alexander of the Netherlands,1967– Prince of Orange & Heir Apparent, 1980–2013, King of the Netherlands, 2013–

Queen Maxima of the Netherlands

Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau 1968–2013 m.(2004) Mabel Wisse Smit without permission, his children are not eligible for the throne and he was no longer a Prince of the Netherlands after his marriage

Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands, 1969–

Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands

4 sons, 2 of whom were eligible for the throne until Beatrix abdicated in 2013

Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands,2003– Princess of Orange & heiress apparent, 2013–

Princess Alexia of the Netherlands, 2005–

Princess Ariane of the Netherlands, 2007–

Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau, 2002–

Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau, 2004–

Countess Leonore of Orange-Nassau, 2006–

Coats of Arms

Main articles: Armorial of the House of Nassau and nl:Wapen van Nassau § Tak van Otto

See also: Coat of arms of the Netherlands

Arms of the Ottonian Branch of the House of Nassau: Azure billetty or, a lion rampant of the last armed and langued gules

The gallery below show the coats of arms used by members of the house of Orange-Nassau. Their growing complexity and use of crowns shows how arms are used to reflect the growing political position and royal aspirations of the family. A much more complete armorial is given at the Armorial of the House of Nassau, and another one at Wapen van Nassau, Tak van Otto at the Dutch Wikipedia.

The ancestral coat of arms of the Ottonian line of the house of Nassau is shown right. Their distant cousins of the Walramian line added a red coronet to distinguish them. There is no specific documentation in the literature on the origin of the arms. The lion was always a popular noble symbol, originating as a symbol of nobility, power, and royal aspirations in western culture going all the way back to Hercules. The lion was also heavily used as a heraldic symbol in border territories and neighbouring countries of the Holy Roman Empire and France. It was in all likelihood a way of showing independence from the Holy Roman Emperor, who used an eagle in his personal arms and the King of France, who used the famous Fleur-de-lis. The lion was so heavily used in the Netherlands for various provinces and families (see Leo Belgicus) that it became the national arms of the Dutch Republic, its successor Kingdom of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Blue, because of its nearness to purple, which in the northern climes tended to fade (red was the other choice), was also a popular color for those with royal aspirations. The billets could have been anything from blocks of wood to abstractions of the reenforcements holding the shield together. The fact that these were arms were very similar to those of the counts of Burgundy (Franche-Comté) did not seem to cause too much confusion.

Henry III of Nassau-Breda came to the Netherlands in 1499 as heir to his uncle, Engelbrecht II of Nassau-Breda. His and his uncle's arms are shown below. When Philbert, prince of Orange died in 1530, his sister's son René of Breda inherited the Princedom of Orange on condition that he used the name and coat of arms of the Châlon-Orange family. History knows him therefore as René of Châlon instead of as "René of Nassau-Breda." The 1st and 4th grand quarters show the arms of the Chalons-Arlay (the gold bend) princes of Orange (the bugle). The blue and gold cross is the arms of Jeanne of Geneva, who married one of the Chalons princes. The 2nd and 3rd show the quarterings of Brittany and Luxembourg-St. Pol. The inescutcheon overall is his paternal arms quartered of Nassau and Breda. William the Silent's father, William the Rich, was rich only in children. He bore the arms shown below. Clockwise from upper left they displayed the arms of Nassau (1st quarter), Katzenelenbogen (3rd quarter), Dietz (2nd quarter), Vianden (4th quarter).

• 
  Arms of Engelbrecht II and Henry III of Nassau-Breda.
• 
  Coat of arms of Rene of Chalons as Prince of Orange.
• 
  Arms of William the Rich, count of Nassau-Dillenburg.

The princes of Orange in the 16th and 17th century used the following sets of arms. On becoming prince of Orange, William placed the Châlon-Arlay arms in the center ("as an inescutcheon") of his father's arms. He used these arms until 1582 when he purchased the marquisate of Veere and Vlissingen. It had been the property of Philip II since 1567, but had fallen into arrears to the province. In 1580 the Court of Holland ordered it sold. William bought it as it gave him two more votes in the States of Zeeland. He owned the government of the two towns, and so could appoint their magistrates. He already had one as First Noble for Philip William, who had inherited Maartensdijk. This made William the predominant member of the States of Zeeland. It was a smaller version of the countship of Zeeland (& Holland) promised to William, and was a potent political base for his descendants. William then added the shield of Veere and Buren to his arms as shown in the arms of Frederick Henry, William II and William III with the arms of the marquisate in the top center, and the arms of the county of Buren in the bottom center. William also started the tradition of keeping the number of billets in the upper left quarter for Nassau at 17 to symbolize the original 17 provinces of the Burgundian/Habsburg Netherlands, which he always hoped would form one united nation.

• 
  Coat of arms of William the Silent as Prince of Orange from 1544 to 1582, and his eldest son Philip William
• 
  The coat of arms used by William the Silent from 1582 until his death, Frederick Henry, William II, and William III as Prince of Orange
• 
  The coat of arms used by Maurice showing the county of Moers (top left center and bottom right center) and his mother's arms of Saxony (center)
• 
  An alternate coat of arms sometimes used by Frederick Henry, William II, and William III as Prince of Orange showing the county of Moers in the top center rather than Veere.
• 
  Coat of arms on expeditionary banner of William and Mary, 1688, showing the arms of William III impaled with the royal arms of England
• 
  Coat of arms of King William III of England as King of England.

When John William Friso became Prince of Orange, he used the arms below. However, he was never recognized outside of Holland and areas friendly to Holland as Prince of Orange. His son, William IV, recognized as Prince of Orange, seems to have used the original arms of William the Silent. When the princes of Orange fled the Netherlands during the Batavian Republic and the Kingdom of Holland, and when France occupied the Netherlands, they were compensated by Napoleon with the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda. These principalities were confiscated when Napoleon invaded Germany (1806) and William VI supported his Prussian relatives. He succeeded his father as prince of Orange later that year, after William V's death. The house of Orange-Nassau also had several illegitimate lines (see below) who based their arms on the arms of Nassau-Dillenburg.

• 
  Arms of Johan Willem Friso as Prince of Orange.
• 
  Arms of William VI of Orange as prince of Orange-Nassau-Fulda. The bottom most shield shows clockwise from top left the principality of Fulda, the lordship of Corvey, the county of Weingarten, and the lordship of Dortmund.
• 
  Arms of Justinus van Nassau, natural son of William the Silent.
• 
  Arms of the Louis of Nassau, Lord of De Lek and Beverweerd, natural son of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, and his descendants the lords of den Lek and the earls of Grantham in England
• 
  Arms of the lords of Zuylestein, natural son of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange and his descendants the earls of Rochford in England

When William VI of Orange returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and was proclaimed Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands, he quartered the former Arms of the Dutch Republic (1st and 4th quarter) with the "Châlon-Orange" arms (2nd and 3rd quarter), which had come to symbolize Orange. As an in escutcheon he placed his ancestral arms of Nassau. When he became King in 1815, he combined the Dutch Republic Lion with the billets of the Nassau arms and added a royal crown to form the Coat of arms of the Netherlands. In 1907, Queen Wilhelmina replaced the royal crown on the lion and the shield bearers of the arms with a coronet.

• 
  Arms of the States General of the Dutch Republic. The sword symbolizes the determination to defend the nation, and the bundle of 7 arrows the unity of the 7 United Provinces of the Dutch Republic.
• 
  Arms of William VI as sovereign prince of the Netherlands.
• 
  First arms of the Kingdom and Kings of the Netherlands from 1815 to 1907.
• 
  Arms of the Kingdom and Kings of the Netherlands since 1907.

Wilhelmina further decreed that in perpetuity her descendants should be styled "princes and princesses of Orange-Nassau" and that the name of the house would be "Orange-Nassau" (in Dutch "Oranje-Nassau"). Only those members of the members of the Dutch Royal Family that are designated to the smaller "Royal House" can use the title of prince or princess of the Netherlands. Since then, individual members of the House of Orange-Nassau are also given their own arms by the reigning monarch, similar to the United Kingdom. This is usually the royal arms, quartered with the arms of the principality of Orange, and an in escutcheon of their paternal arms.

• 
  Juliana of the Netherlands & Oranje-Nassau Personal Arms
• 
  Beatrix of the Netherlands & Oranje-Nassau Personal Arms
• 
  William Alexander of the Netherlands and Oranje-Nassau Personal Arms
• 
  Arms for children of King William Alexander of the Netherlands
• 
  Sons of Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Pieter van Vollenhoven

As sovereign Princes, the princes of Orange used an independent prince's crown or the princely hat. Sometimes, only the coronet part was used (see, here and here). After the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and as the principality of Orange had been incorporated into France by Louis XIV, they used the Dutch Royal Crowns. The full coats of arms of the princes of Orange, later Kings of the Netherlands, incorporated the arms above, the crown, 2 lions as supporters and the motto "Je maintiendrai" ("I will maintain"), the latter taken from the Chalons princes of Orange, who used "Je maintiendrai Chalons".

Coat of Arms of Frederick Henry, William II and William III as sovereign princes of Orange.	Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands (1815–1907)	Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands (1907–present)

Lands and titles

Main articles: King of the Netherlands § Terminology, title, and lineage; Style of the Dutch sovereign; and nl:Titels van de Nederlandse koninklijke familie § Historische titels van de Koning

Titles

Coats of arms corresponding to the titles borne by various Dutch monarchs, including Veere and Flushing (right above the bottom crowned arms), displayed at Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam

Besides being sovereign over the principality of Orange , this is a partial listing of larger estates and titles that William the Silent and his heirs possessed, most enfeoffed to some other sovereign, either the King of France, the Habsburgs, or the States of the provinces of the Netherlands

Style of the Dutch sovereign:

• Marquis of Veere and Vlissingen

• Count of Nassau-Dillenburg

• Katzenelnbogen ,

Dietz , Vianden , Buren , Moers , Leerdam , and Culemborg (1748)

• Viscount of Antwerp

• Baron of Breda ,

Cranendonck , Lands of Cuijk , Eindhoven , City of Grave , Lek , IJsselstein , Acquoy , Diest , Grimbergen /, Herstal , Warneton (Waasten (nl)) , Beilstein , Bentheim-Lingen , Arlay , Nozeroy , and Orpierre ;

• Lord of Baarn , Soest , & Ter Eem ,

Bredevoort , Dasburg , Geertruidenberg, Hooge en Lage Zwaluwe , Klundert, 't Loo , Montfort, Naaldwijk , Niervaart, Polanen/lands of Polanen , Steenbergen , Sint-Maartensdijk , Turnhout & Zevenbergen , Willemstad , Bütgenbach, Sankt Vith , and Besançon

A fuller listing with maps of the territories are in the Maps of the Lands of the House of Orange.

Standards

Main articles: Royal Standard of the Netherlands, Flag of the Netherlands, and List of Dutch flags

The Dutch Royal Family also makes extensive use of royal standards that are based on their coats of arms, but not identical to them (as the British Royal Family does). Some examples from the Royal Family's website are:

The standards of the ruling king or queen:

• 
  Royal Flag of the Netherlands (1815–1908)
• 
  Royal Standard of Wilhelmina, Juliana and Beatrix (1908–2013)
• 
  Royal Standard of the King

The standards of the current sons of the former Queen, now Princess Beatrix and their wives and the Queen's husband:

• 
  Royal Standard of the Princes of the Netherlands (Sons of Queen Beatrix)
• 
  Standard of Claus von Amsberg as Royal consort of the Netherlands
• 
  Standard of Princess Maxima of the Netherlands
• 
  Standard of Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands

A fuller listing can be found at the Armorial de la Maison de Nassau, section Lignée Ottonienne at the French Wikipedia.

Residences of the House of Orange

• 
  Hotel de Nassau in Brussels painted 1658 (former residence)
• 
  Royal Palace of Amsterdam (official ceremonial residence)
• 
  Noordeinde Palace, The Hague (working offices of the Monarch)
• 
  Huis ten Bosch palace, The Hague
• 
  Het Loo Palace
• 
  Soestdijk Palace
• 
  Schloss Oranienstein (former residence)

See also

For further about the Dutch Monarchy and the Dutch Royal House:

• Dutch monarchy
• House of Nassau
• Prince of Orange
• Principality of Orange
• Orange Institution
• William III of England

Traditionally, members of the Nassau family were buried in Breda; but because that city was in Spanish hands when William died, he was buried in a new crypt in the New Church, Delft. The monument on his tomb was originally very modest, but it was replaced in 1623 by a new one, made by Hendrik de Keyser and his son Pieter. Since then, most of the members of the House of Orange-Nassau, including all Dutch monarchs, have been buried in that church. His great-grandson William the Third, King of England and Scotland and Stadtholder in the Netherlands, was buried in Westminster Abbey.

• Crypt of the House of Orange-Nassau (in Dutch) in Delft
• Burial Monument to William the Silent (in Dutch)
• Crypt of the Frisian Nassaus (in Dutch) in Leeuwarden
• Crypt of the Nassau-LaLecqs in Ouderkerk aan den IJssel (in Dutch)
• Original Crypt of Netherland Nassaus (in Dutch) in Breda
• Crypt of Engelbrecht II van Nassau (in Dutch) in Breda
• Crypt of the Nassau-Bergens in Bergen (in Dutch)
• Crypt of the Nassau-Siegens (in Dutch) in Siegen

In Robert A. Heinlein's 1956 science fiction novel Double Star, the House of Orange reigns over – but does not rule over – an empire of humanity that spans the entire Solar System.

• Hofstra University

References

Cited works

• Herbert H. Rowen, The princes of Orange: the stadholders in the Dutch Republic. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
• John Lothrop Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1855.
• John Lothrop Motley, History of the United Netherlands from the Death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort. London: John Murray, 1860.
• Petrus Johannes Blok, History of the people of the Netherlands. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, 1898.
• Jonathan I. Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806. Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-820734-4
• Pieter Geyl, Orange and Stuart 1641–1672. Phoenix Press, 2002.
• Mark Edward Hay, "Russia, Britain, and the House of Nassau: The Re-Establishment of the Orange Dynasty in the Netherlands, March–November 1813" Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, Low Countries Historical Review 133/1, March 2018, 3–21.

Further reading

• Edmundson, George (1911). "Orange, House of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). p. 146.
• John Lothrop Motley, The Life and Death of John of Barenvelt. New York & London: Harper and Brothers Publishing, 1900.
• Rouven Pons (Hrsg.): Oranien und Nassau in Europa. Lebenswelten einer frühneuzeitlichen Dynastie. Historische Kommission für Nassau, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-930221-38-7.

External links

• Dutch Royal House – official website
• Sources about the history of Orange-Nassau in the Hessian Main State Archives, Wiesbaden