Mahmudi Principality or Mahmudis was a Kurdish principality founded in 1406 by the Mahmudi tribe. This principality ruled effectively in strategic areas such as Hakkari and Donboli. However, it collapsed in 1829 after a siege by Han Mahmud,Prıncıpalıty of Müküs, and other Kurdish beys. [1][2]
History
editIn 1406, the Turkish ruler Kara Yusuf gave some districts in Van to the Mahmudi tribe and established a beylik called 'Mahmudi Beylik' or Mahmudi government. This beylik was tabbi[clarification needed] to Karakoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu respectively.[3] During the Aq Qoyunlu administration, it was ruled by Hüseyin bey. Supported by Aq Qoyunlu Turkmen, the Mahmudis took Albari (Başkale) and Shambo districts from the Emirate of Hakkari and with the help of Hakkari Bey Izzettin Şir Bitlis pushed the mahmudis away Man.[4] During the reign of Mahmudi the Safavid was subordinated to Ismail I, and Ismail I Safavid, son of Ardebil Sheikh, defeated him in the battle he conquered with the Aq Qoyunlu Sultan of 1503, occupying his lands and arresting the Kurdish rulers. When the Ottomans were victorious in the war of Caldiran, some Kurdish rulers in the region joined the Ottoman Empire. Mahmudi Beys maintained their allegiance to Shah Ismail and later to Shah Tahmasp. During the first Iranian expedition in 1533, ıvaz Bey became a Safavid eTabi after the rule of the Ottoman ruler Suleiman the Magnificent. In 1537, after the death of Ivaz Bey's son Hamza Bey, Tahmasp I appointed Hasan Bey as the head of the Mahmudis.[5] When the Ottomans organized an expedition to the region in 1548, this beylik certainly joined the Ottomans when the reigning Mahmudi ruler, Hasan Bey converted from Yazidism to Islam[6] and the beylik became subordinated to the Ottomans. Hosap Castle, which was occupied by Safavids in 1604, was built by Süleyman Bey in 1643. The castle gate has its own inscriptions.[7][8]Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi describes Hosap Castle and the Mahmudi government in the mid-17th century. Regarding Mahmudi government, he says: "They are all soldiers with six thousand swords. This is the land of the nobility and there is only one Choogoog Mountain. In a country called Ibrahim Bey. These Mahmudis have entered the fire of tribute and there are tribes of timar and zema. 120 tribes." After Evliya Çelebi's account, in 1829, the Mahmudi principality came to an end when Müküs Emir Han Mahmud and other Kurdish lords seized Hosap Castle through a bloody siege.[9]
Bibliography
edit- Top, Mehmet (1998), "Hoşaptaki Mahmudi Beylerine Ait Mimari Eserler", Academia SBD (in Turkish), 3 (2): 6–9
References
edit- ^ top (1998), p. 6-9.
- ^ Evliya Çelebi; Robert Dankoff (1 January 1991). The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman, Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588-1662): As Portrayed in Evliya Celebi's Book of Travels (Seyahat-name). SUNY Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-7914-0640-3.
- ^ Sharafkhan Bidlisi (2016). Şerefname : Kürt tarihi (in Turkish). Translated by Sunkur, İbrahim. Van: Sîtav. p. 344. ISBN 9786056652011. OCLC 984148348.
- ^ Sharafkhan Bidlisi (2016). Şerefname : Kürt tarihi (in Turkish). Translated by Sunkur, İbrahim. Van: Sîtav. p. 344. ISBN 9786056652011. OCLC 984148348.
- ^ Sevgen, Nazmi (1958). Anatolian castles. Google Books: Press. pp. 139–142.
- ^ Açıkyıldız, Birgül (2016). "From Yezidism to Islam: Religious Architecture of the Mahmudî Dynasty in Khoshâb, pp. 369-383". Iran and the Caucasus. 20 (3–4): 369–383. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20160307.
- ^ Verity Campbell - Turkey - 2007 - 724 pages, page 643, ISBN 1-74104-556-8
- ^ David Nicolle (2010). Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710. Osprey Publishing. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-84603-503-6.
- ^ top (1998), p. 9.