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Proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido

During the Soviet–Japanese War in August 1945, the Soviet Union made plans to invade Hokkaido, the northernmost of Japan's four main home islands. Opposition from the United States and doubts within the Soviet high command caused the plans to be canceled before the invasion could begin.

Proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido
Part of the Soviet–Japanese War

Proposed invasion plan for Soviet invasion of Hokkaido in 1945 during World War II. The Soviet Union planned to land at Rumoi and occupy the island north of a line between Rumoi and Kushiro.
DatePlanned beginning August 24, 1945
Location
Hokkaido
Result Canceled on August 22, 1945
Belligerents
 Soviet Union  Japan
Commanders and leaders
Alexander Novikov
Ivan Yumashev		 Kiichiro Higuchi
Saburo Hagi
Units involved
  • Fifth Area Army
  • Imperial Japanese Navy
    • 12th Air Fleet
  • Volunteer Fighting Corps[1]

    • Background

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    In the last days of World War II, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan (August 9), as Joseph Stalin secretly agreed at Tehran and Yalta. The Soviet declaration of war was a major factor for the surrender of Japan on August 15.[2][3] Although all other Allies, including the United States, ceased all hostilities upon the surrender, Stalin ordered his troops to continue fighting to capture more Japanese territory[4]: 28  and to put the Soviets in a stronger bargaining position to occupy Japan.[1]: 156 

    The Red Army successfully conquered the southern half of Sakhalin Island. The island had been contested between Japan and Russia for a century and fought over during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, and by 1945, it had been divided between the two countries (the Japanese southern half was called Karafuto Prefecture). The Soviets then captured the Kuril Islands starting on August 18, three days after the Japanese surrender.

    During their planning of the conquests of Sakhalin and the Kurils, the Soviets considered it necessary to control Hokkaido (or at least the parts of Hokkaido bordering the Sea of Okhotsk) to secure their new territories.[5] However, the previous month's Potsdam Declaration set out that postwar Japan would control its four main home islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Therefore, a Soviet annexation or even occupation of Hokkaido would have likely provoked heated opposition from the other Allies.[1]: 155–156 

    Proposed battle plans

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    Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky envisioned taking the northern half of Hokkaido by landing at the small, remote port[1]: 156–157  of Rumoi and occupying everything north of a line from Rumoi to Kushiro. Two rifle divisions of the 87th Rifle Corps were to be used.[6] Air and sea units were also sent to Sakhalin to support the invasion. Even with American ships lent to the Soviets during Project Hula, the Soviet Navy did not have enough transport space to carry both divisions from Sakhalin in one lift and so it planned to make two trips.[7] Admiral Ivan Yumashev planned to start the Rumoi landing at 05:00 on August 24.[8][9]

    The Soviet high command dictated that although logistical preparations should go forward, the invasion should not begin without explicit authorization from headquarters.[10]

    Cancelation

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    US President Harry Truman was willing to accept the Soviet annexation of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which remained part of the Soviet Union after the war, but he staunchly opposed any Soviet escapade on Hokkaido. The Potsdam Declaration intended for all of the Japanese home islands to be surrendered to US General Douglas MacArthur, rather than to the Soviets and so Truman refused to allow the Soviets to participate in the occupation of Japan.[11][9] Furthermore, concerns were raised within the Soviet high command that an invasion of Hokkaido would be impractical, be unlikely to succeed, and violate the Yalta Agreement.[1]: 155–156 [5]

    The invasion was cancelled on August 22, two days before their scheduled start, and Soviet forces concentrated on taking the Kuril Islands instead.[5]

    Historical analysis

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    Historians have generally considered it unlikely that an invasion of Hokkaido would have succeeded. Factors include the small number of Soviet transport ships, the small number of Soviet ground forces planned for the invasion, and the availability of Japanese air power including kamikaze planes to contest a Soviet landing. Soviet forces suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Shumshu during the invasion of the Kuril Islands, and historians foresaw similar problems plaguing an invasion of Hokkaido.[1][12]

    Dennis Giangreco believes that the Japanese forces would have fiercely fought back against an attack after their country had surrendered, and the small hastily-assembled Soviet forces would have been unable to hold out against them. Because the Soviets thought the Japanese would not contest a landing after the Japanese had already surrendered, the Soviets assembled a relatively small force of two divisions, much smaller than the four field armies, totaling about 12 divisions, which Marshal Georgy Zhukov estimated would be necessary for a full-scale conquest.[1]: 155–156  However, after the Japanese fiercely defended Shumshu three days after the surrender, the Soviets were forced to reconsider that assumption.[1]: 158 

    Richard B. Frank, however, believes that despite serious Soviet deficiencies in shipping capacity and air cover, the Soviets could have succeeded because Japanese defenses were concentrated in the south to face the Americans, rather than the north to face the Soviets.[12]

    See also

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    References

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    1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Giangreco, D.M. (2016). "The Hokkaido Myth" (PDF). Journal of Strategy and Politics (2): 148–164. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    2. ^ Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire, New York: Random House, Penguin, 2001 ISBN 978-0-14-100146-3. (Extracts on-line)
    3. ^ Robert James Maddox, Hiroshima in History: The Myths of Revisionism, Columbia, Missouri, USA: University of Missouri Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8262-1732-5.
    4. ^ Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (28 October 2003). The Soviet Factor in Ending the Pacific War: From the Hirota-Malik Negotiations to Soviet Entry into the War (PDF) (Report). University of California, Santa Barbara. p. 25. Retrieved 1 February 2021. In contrast to Truman, who ordered the cessation of hostilities, Stalin ordered his troops to fight on to capture the promised territories.
    5. ^ a b c Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (2011). "Soviet policy toward Japan during World War II". Cahiers du Monde Russe. 52 (2–3): 245–271. doi:10.4000/monderusse.9333. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    6. ^ Aleksandr Vasilevsky (18 August 1945). Order by Aleksandr Vasilevsky to the Commander of the 1st Far Eastern Front (Report). Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    7. ^ Aleksandr Novikov (19 August 1945). Order by Aleksandr Novikov to the Commander of the 9th AIr Army (Report). Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    8. ^ Ivan Yumashev (19 August 1945). Report by Ivan Yumashev to Aleksanr Vasilevsky (Report). Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    9. ^ a b Radchenko, Sergey (5 August 2015). "Did Hiroshima Save Japan From Soviet Occupation?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    10. ^ Aleksandr Vasilevsky (22 August 1945). Order by Aleksandr Vasilevsky to Nikolai Kuznetsov and Ivan Yumashev (Report). Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    11. ^ Translation of Message From Harry S. Truman to Joseph Stalin (Report). 19 August 1945. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    12. ^ a b Frank, Richard B. (2007). "Ketsu Go". In Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (ed.). The End of the Pacific War: Reappraisals. Stanford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8047-5427-9.
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