Prostitution in Syria is illegal,[1] but the law is not strictly enforced.[2] UNAIDS estimate there are 25,000 prostitutes in the country.[3]
Since the start of the Syrian Civil War, many women have fled the country and turned to prostitution to survive in Jordan,[4] Turkey[5] and the Lebanon.[6]
Sex trafficking[7] and child sex tourism[8] are problems in Syria.
History
editDuring the era of slavery in Syria prostitution was connected to slavery. The Islamic Law formally prohibited prostitution. However, since the principle of concubinage in Islam in Islamic Law allowed a man to have sexual intercourse with his female slave, prostitution was practiced by a pimp selling his female slave on the slave market to a client, who was allowed to have intercourse with her as her new owner, and who then returned his ownership to her pimp on the pretext of discontent after having had intercourse with her, which was a legal and accepted method for prostitution in the Islamic world.[9]
Ismail al-Jazari (1136–1206) describes a Damascus procuress in his writings. She recruited women for work as prostitutes at weddings. She took the women to a safe place out of town where her husband was the pimp. Eventually they were arrested. The woman confessed during torture and was strangled. The husband fled and was never caught.[10]
In Ottoman Syria prostitution (of free women) was tolerated.[11] By the 18th-century, local Ottoman authorities in the Ottoman Empire, such as in Damascus in Syria and in Egypt, had begun to tolerate clandestine prostitution of free women in exchange for taxation.[12]
Under the French Mandate (1923−1946), prostitution was legal and regulated.[11] At the beginning of the Mandate 742 prostitutes were registered, but it is thought the actual number was much higher.[11]
From 2003 onward, many women fleeing from the war in Iraq were practising underworld prostitution for living.[13] Some sources claim up to 50 thousand Iraqi refugee women in Syria, many of them are recent widows or orphans with no professional qualification, started prostitution as the only source for earning a living.[14]
Sex tourism
editIn the 2000s, the country was a destination for sex tourism by the Arab world,[15] particularly Saudi Arabia.[8] The large number of Iraqi women and children who were forced to turn to prostitution to survive, or were trafficked, ensured a large number of prostitutes were available for tourists.[16]
In the Saidnaya suburb of Damascus, there were over 100 'tourist clubs' where mainly underage girls were available.[8]
After the start of the civil war, tourism dropped off.[17][18]
Sex trafficking
editSyria is a source and destination country for women, and children subjected to sex trafficking. The situation in Syria continues to deteriorate amid the ongoing civil war. More than half of Syria's pre-war population of 23 million has been displaced; as of March 2017, five million have fled to neighbouring countries and, as of December 2016, roughly 6.3 million are internally displaced. Syrians, both those that remain in the country and refugees in neighbouring countries, continue to be highly vulnerable to trafficking.[7]
In March 2016, the media reported that women from Nepal and Bangladesh were forced to work in the sex industry in Syria. In June 2014, ISIS announced the establishment of an Islamic "Caliphate" in Iraq and Syria. ISIS routinely forces Syrian girls to undergo virginity tests before trading them in "slave bazaars" and sending them to various Syrian provinces and other countries for sexual slavery. ISIS incursion into Assyrian villages in the northeastern province of Al-Hasaka, captured as many as 30 Assyrian Christian women and forced them into sexual slavery.[7]
The Syrian refugee population is highly vulnerable to trafficking in neighbouring countries, particularly Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, and Turkey. Syrian refugee women and girls are vulnerable to forced or "temporary marriages"—for the purpose of prostitution and other forms of exploitation, and sex trafficking in refugee camps, in Jordan, and cities in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR), including Sulaymaniyah. In Baghdad, Basrah, and other cities in southern Iraq, reports from 2015 indicated some Syrian refugee women were forced into prostitution by a trafficking network in hotels and brothels after agents of the network promised to resettle them from the IKR. In Turkey and Lebanon, reports continue of illicit prostitution rings of Syrian refugee women and girls, which are administered by local men, while the Lebanese police issued reports in 2014 detailing the sale of Syrian refugee women by local men. LGBTI persons among the Syrian refugee population in Lebanon are reportedly vulnerable to sex trafficking by Lebanese pimps.[7]
The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks Syria as a 'Tier 3' country.[7]
References
edit- ^ 2008 Human Rights Report: Syria, US Department of State, February 25, 2009
- ^ "The Legal Status of Prostitution by Country". ChartsBin. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ "Sex workers: Population size estimate - Number, 2016". www.aidsinfoonline.org. UNAIDS. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ "Desperate Syrian women in Jordan turn to prostitution". GulfNews. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ "Syrian women in Turkey's refugee camps forced into prostitution". HarekAct. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ Gallagher, Ashley (11 June 2014). "Syrian Refugees Are Turning to Prostitution at 'Super Nightclubs' | VICE News". VICE News. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d e "Syria 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c "I Went Undercover In The World Of Syrian Whorehouses". Vice. 2 November 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ B. Belli, "Registered female prostitution in the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)," Ph.D. - Doctoral Program, Middle East Technical University, 2020. p 56
- ^ Leiser, Gary (30 November 2016). Prostitution in the Eastern Mediterranean World: The Economics of Sex in the Late Antique and Medieval Middle East. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1784536527.
- ^ a b c Zachs, Fruma; Halevi, Sharon (26 February 2015). Gendering Culture in Greater Syria: Intellectuals and Ideology in the Late Ottoman Period. I.B.Tauris. p. 141. ISBN 978-1780769363.
- ^ B. Belli, “Registered female prostitution in the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909),” Ph.D. - Doctoral Program, Middle East Technical University, 2020.
- ^ "Iraqi sex slaves recount ordeals". Weekly Holiday. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ Hassan, Nihal (24 June 2007). "'50,000 Iraqi refugees' forced into prostitution". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ Shelley, Louise (2010). Human trafficking a global perspective (Reprinted with corrections ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521130875.
- ^ Zoepf, Katherine (29 May 2007). "Desperate Iraqi Refugees Turn to Sex Trade in Syria". New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ^ "Conflict decimates Syria tourism: official report". Al Arabia News. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
- ^ "Syrian Tourism Industry: From Boom to Bust – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. 24 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
