Proterochampsidae is a family of proterochampsian archosauriforms. Proterochampsids may have filled an ecological niche similar to modern crocodiles, and had a general crocodile-like appearance. They lived in what is now South America in the Middle and Late Triassic.
| Proterochampsids Temporal range: Middle - Late Triassic,
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| Nearly complete skeleton of Pseudochampsa | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Clade: | Archosauromorpha |
| Clade: | Archosauriformes |
| Clade: | †Proterochampsia |
| Family: | †Proterochampsidae Romer, 1966 |
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Description
editProterochampsids have long, crocodile-like skulls. The posterior portion of the skull is wide while the snout is very narrow. Most proterochampsids also have downturned snouts. Like many early archosauriforms, they also have dermal armour.
Proterochampsids have small holes called dorsal fenestrae at the top of their skulls. Unlike other early archosauromorphs, they do not have a parietal foramin, which in many reptiles holds a parietal eye. The postorbital bones behind the eye sockets have thick, jagged crests. As another diagnostic feature of the group, the holes that allow the passage of the internal carotid artery through the braincase open at the sides of a bony projection called the basipterygoid process. Proterochampsids are primitive in that they have simple plate-like pelvises, but they lack small bones in the vertebra called intercentra that are common in earlier reptiles.
As in most archosaurs, distinguishing features can be seen in the shape of the ankle bones. A projection on the calcaneum bone called the calcaneal tuber is narrow and positioned downward relative to other lateral projections on the bone. The calcaneum also has a facet that attaches to both the fibula bone of the leg and another tarsal, or ankle bone. A hemicylindrical facet on the calcaneum attaches to another bone in the ankle called the astragalus. The astragalus has facets that attach to the tibia and fibula that are adjacent to each other.
Classification
editProterochampsidae was named in 1966 by A.S. Romer in his book Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd edition. The clade was defined as a stem-based taxon by María Trotteyn in 2011 as the most inclusive clade containing Chanaresuchus bonapartei and Proterochampsa barrionuevoi, but not Euparkeria capensis, Doswellia kaltenbachi, Passer domesticus (the house sparrow), or Crocodylus niloticus (the Nile crocodile).[1] Members such as Proterochampsa and Cerritosaurus had been known for several decades prior to the family's creation. Proterochampsids were originally thought to be close relatives of crocodilians based on their similar appearance. In the following years, proterochampsids were frequently associated with Proterosuchia, another group of long-snouted Triassic archosauriforms. As phylogenetic studies became more common in the 1980s and 1990s, proterochampsids were found to be a distinct group closely related to true archosaurs. Recent studies have placed Proterochampsidae as either the sister taxon of Archosauria (the closest relatives of archosaurs), or the sister taxon of Archosauria and Euparkeria.[2] In a 2011 study, the unusual Late Triassic archosauriform Doswellia has been placed as the closest relative of proterochampsids. Because doswelliids are more closely related to proterochampsids than to any other archosauriform, the two groups form their own clade.[3]
Eleven species have been confirmed to belong to Proterochampsidae: Cerritosaurus binsfeldi, Chanaresuchus bonapartei, Gualosuchus reigi, Kuruxuchampsa dornellesi, Pinheirochampsa rodriguesi, Proterochampsa barrionuevoi, Proterochampsa nodosa, Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis, Rhadinosuchus gracilis, Stenoscelida aurantiacus, and Tropidosuchus romeri. P. nodosa was assigned to its own genus Barberenachampsa in 2000, but it is generally still considered to be a species of Proterochampsa.[4] Modern studies place Proterochampsids in a larger group called Proterochampsia. Under the classification of Kischlat and Schultz (1999), Cerritosaurus, Proterochampsa, and Tropidosuchus are basal forms, while Chanaresuchus, Gualosuchus, and Rhadinosuchus form the family Rhadinosuchidae.[5] However, more recent studies reduce Rhadinosuchidae to a subfamily level as Rhadinosuchinae to be placed within Proterochampsidae and include advanced proterochampsid, e.g. Chanaresuchus and Rhadinosuchus.[6][7][1] It was defined by Martin Ezcurra and colleagues in 2015 during the redescription of Rhadinosuchus as all archosauriforms more closely related to Rhadinosuchus gracilis and Chanaresuchus bonapartei than to Cerritosaurus binsfeldi, Tropidosuchus romeri, and Doswellia kaltenbachi.[8] Below is a cladogram following the phylogenetic analysis of Ezcurra (2016) that recovered Doswelliidae as the sister taxon of Proterochampsidae (within Proterochampsia). Proterochampsia was found to be the sister taxon of Archosauria, whose living representatives consist of birds and crocodilians.[1]
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Genera
edit| Genus | Authority | Age | Location | Unit | Notes | Images |
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| Price (1946) | Ladinian |  | ||||
| Romer (1971) | Ladinian |  | ||||
| Romer (1971) | Ladinian |  | ||||
| Paes-Neto et al. (2023) | Carnian |  | ||||
| Paes-Neto et al. (2023) | Ladinian–Carnian |  | ||||
| Reig (1959) | Norian | Includes Barberenachampsa as a subjective junior synonym according to most authors. |  | |||
| Trotteyn & Ezcurra (2014) | Norian |  | ||||
| Huene (1942) |  | |||||
| Müller et al. (2022) | Carnian/Norian | Santa Maria Formation |  | |||
| Arcucci (1990) |  |
Sources
edit- A. S. Romer. 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1-468
- ^ a b c Ezcurra, MD (2016). "The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms". PeerJ. 4: e1778. doi:10.7717/peerj.1778. PMC 4860341. PMID 27162705.
- ^ Nesbitt, S.J. (2011). "The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 352: 1–292. doi:10.1206/352.1. hdl:2246/6112. S2CID 83493714.
- ^ Julia B. Desojo; Martin D. Ezcurra & Cesar L. Schultz (2011). "An unusual new archosauriform from the Middle–Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the monophyly of Doswelliidae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (4): 839–871. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00655.x. hdl:11336/160636.
- ^ Langer, M.C.; Ribeiro, A.M.; Schultz, C.L. & Ferigolo, J. (2007). "The continental tetrapod-bearing Triassic of South Brazil" (PDF). In Lucas, S.G. & Spielmann, J.A. (eds.). The Global Triassic. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 41. pp. 201–218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06.
- ^ Kischlat, E. & Schultz, C.L. (1999). "Phylogenetic analysis of Proterochampsia (Thecodontia: Archosauriformes)". Ameghiniana. 36 (4): 13R.
- ^ Trotteyn, M. A. J. & Haro, J. A. (2012). "The braincase of Chanaresuchus ischigualastensis (Archosauriformes) from the Late Triassic of Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (4): 867. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.670178. S2CID 86763280.
- ^ María Jimena Trotteyn & Martín D. Ezcurra (2014). "Osteology of Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis gen. et comb. nov. (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsidae) from the Early Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Northwestern Argentina". PLOS ONE. 9 (11): e111388. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k1388T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111388. PMC 4245112. PMID 25426846.
- ^ Ezcurra, Martín D.; Desojo, Julia B.; Rauhut, Oliver W.M. (2015). "Redescription and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Proterochampsid Rhadinosuchus gracilis (Diapsida: Archosauriformes) from the Early Late Triassic of Southern Brazil". Ameghiniana. 52 (4): 391–418. doi:10.5710/AMGH.28.04.2015.2867. hdl:11336/135741. S2CID 128784202.
- ^ a b Paes-Neto, V. T.; Lacerda, M. B.; Ezcurra, M. D.; Raugust, T.; Trotteyn, M. J.; Soares, M. B.; Schultz, C. L.; Pretto, F. A.; Francischini, H.; Martinelli, A. G. (2023). "New rhadinosuchine proterochampsids from the late Middle-early Late Triassic of southern Brazil enhance the diversity of archosauriforms". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.25294. PMID 37589539. S2CID 260954434.
- ^ Müller, R. T.; Garcia, M. S.; Fonseca, A. de O. (2022). "A new proterochampsid (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil and the emergence of archosaurian hind limb traits". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 2128913. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2128913. S2CID 253315459.