Wikipedia

Puerto Rico Trench

The Puerto Rico Trench is located on the boundary between the North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, parallel to and north of Puerto Rico, where the oceanic trench reaches the deepest points in the Atlantic Ocean. The trench is associated with a complex transition from the Lesser Antilles frontal subduction zone between the South American plate and Caribbean plate to the oblique subduction zone and the strike-slip transform fault zone between the North American plate and Caribbean plate, which extends from the Puerto Rico Trench at the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands microplate through the Cayman Trough at the Gonâve microplate to the Middle America Trench at the Cocos plate.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Location map Puerto Rico Trench—United States Geological Survey
Perspective view of the sea floor of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The Lesser Antilles are on the lower left side of the view and Florida is on the upper right. The purple sea floor at the center of the view is the Puerto Rico Trench, the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean.

Constituting the deepest points in the Atlantic Ocean, the trench is 810 kilometres (503 mi) long[7] and has a maximum documented depth between 8,376 metres (27,480 ft)[8] and 8,740 metres (28,675 ft).[7][9] The deepest point is commonly referred to as the Milwaukee Deep, with the Brownson Deep naming the seabed surrounding it.[10] However, more recently, the latter term has also been used interchangeably with the former to refer to this point.[11][12][13] The exact point was identified by the DSSV Pressure Drop using a state-of-the-art Kongsberg EM124 multibeam sonar in 2018, and then directly visited and its depth verified by the crewed submersible Deep-Submergence Vehicle DSV Limiting Factor (a Triton 36000/2 model submersible) piloted by Victor Vescovo.[14][15][16]

Scientific studies have concluded that an earthquake occurring along this fault zone could generate a significant tsunami.[17] The island of Puerto Rico, which lies immediately to the south of the fault zone and the trench, suffered a destructive tsunami soon after the 1918 San Fermín earthquake.

Geology

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The Puerto Rico Trench is located at a boundary between two plates that pass each other along a transform boundary with only a small component of subduction. The Caribbean plate is moving to the east relative to the North American plate. The North American plate is being subducted by the Caribbean plate obliquely at the trench while to the southeast, the South American plate is being more directly subducted along the Lesser Antilles subduction zone. This subduction zone explains the presence of active volcanoes over the southeastern part of the Caribbean Sea. Volcanic activity is frequent along the Lesser Antilles island arc southeast from Puerto Rico to the northern coast of South America.

Although originally part of a volcanic arc, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba, and Jamaica do not have active volcanoes. The Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico do not have active volcanic activity since approximately 30 million years ago,[18] while the last active volcanoes in Hispaniola, Thomazanue and Morne la Vigie, became extinct within 1.5 million years ago. However, the islands are at risk of earthquakes and tsunamis. The Puerto Rico Trench has produced earthquakes greater than magnitude 8.0 and is considered capable of continuing to do so.[19][20]

According to NASA, beneath the trench is a mass so dense it deflects gravitational pull on the surface of the ocean, causing it to dip somewhat. It also has a negative effect on the accuracy of navigational instruments.[21]

Public awareness

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Knowledge of the earthquake and tsunami risks has not been widespread among the general public of the islands located near the trench. Since 1988, the Puerto Rican Seismic Society has been trying to use the Puerto Rican media to inform people about a future earthquake that could result in a catastrophic tragedy.

Following the 2004 tsunami that affected more than forty countries in the Indian Ocean, many more people now fear the consequences that such an event would bring to the Caribbean. Local governments have begun emergency planning. In the case of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, the United States government has been studying the problem for years.[22] It is increasing its seismic investigations and developing tsunami warning systems.

Seismicity

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Tectonic and seismic map of Puerto Rico Trench area. Arrows show direction of plate movements. USGS.

On 11 October 1918, the western coast of Puerto Rico was hit by a major earthquake which caused a tsunami. The 1918 earthquake was caused by an old left-lateral strike-slip fault near the Mona Passage. In 1953, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, was affected by the Santo Domingo earthquake. The actual subduction zone (Puerto Rico Trench) has not ruptured in over 200 years, which is a major concern to geophysicists, as they believe it may be due for a major event.

Puerto Rico has always been an area of concern to earthquake experts because, apart from the 1918 episode, there are frequent tremors in and around the island, indicating activity. A 1981 tremor was felt across the island, while another in 1985 was felt in the towns of Cayey and Salinas.

The January 13, 2014 M 6.4 earthquake north of Puerto Rico occurred as a result of oblique-thrust faulting. Preliminary faulting mechanisms for the event indicate it ruptured either a structure dipping shallowly to the south and striking approximately east-west, or a near-vertical structure striking northwest-southeast. At the location of this earthquake, the North America plate moves west-southwest with respect to the Caribbean plate at a velocity of approximately 20 mm/yr, and subducts beneath the Caribbean plate at the Puerto Rico Trench. The location, depth and mechanism of the earthquake are consistent with the event occurring on this subduction zone interface."[23]

Location[22] Year M
Puerto Rico Trench
1787
8.1
Anegada Trough
1867
7.5
Mona Canyon
1918
7.5
Mona Canyon
1943
7.5
Dominican Republic
1946
8.1
Dominican Republic
1953
6.9
Puerto Rico Trench
2014
6.4
Puerto Rico Trench
2019
6.0
Muertos Trough
2020
6.4

Exploration

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Several exploration cruises carried out by USGS in the Puerto Rico Trench have for the first time mapped the entire trench using ship mounted multibeam bathymetry.

The seafloor was visited for the first time by French bathyscaphe Archimède in 1964[24][25] and then by a robotic vehicle in 2012.[26] The most conspicuous aspect of the footage was the swarm of benthic amphipods. Some of these amphipods were collected by bait bags attached to the vehicle and were brought to the surface for further analysis. The samples recovered were Scopelocheirus schellenbergi, a species of lysianassid amphipod that have so far only been found in ultradeep trenches in the Pacific.[27]

Two invertebrate creatures were also observed in the video. One soft dark individual, estimated to be 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) long, has been identified by Dr. Stace E. Beaulieu of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution as a sea cucumber, tentatively assigned to genus Peniagone. The other individual, a small crustacean, is tentatively identified as a munnopsid isopod, based on morphology and similar walking and jumping movements observed for other hadal munnopsid isopods. Because these individuals were not collected, it is not possible to obtain species-level identifications. However, these sightings likely exceed the deepest known records for genus Peniagone and family Munnopsidae.

Crewed descent

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The submersible Limiting Factor floating on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean after the six hour dive to the Bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench.

The American explorer Victor Vescovo dived to the deepest point of the Puerto Rico Trench and therefore the Atlantic Ocean on 19 December 2018, as part of the Five Deeps Expedition. He reached a depth of 8,376 m (27,480 ft) ±5 m (16 ft) at 19°42'49" N, 67°18'39" W by direct CTD pressure measurements with the Deep-Submergence Vehicle DSV Limiting Factor (a Triton 36000/2 model submersible) and thus became the first person to reach the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean while also making the second-deepest recorded solo dive in history at that time.[28] Many media outlets referred to the deep as Brownson Deep,[11][12][13] in opposition to past references to the area, where the term Milwaukee Deep was used instead.

The operating area was surveyed by the support ship, the Deep Submersible Support Vessel DSSV Pressure Drop, with a Kongsberg SIMRAD EM124 multibeam echosounder system. The gathered data will be donated to the GEBCO Seabed 2030 initiative.[29][30] The dive was part of the Five Deeps Expedition. The objective of this expedition was to thoroughly map and visit the deepest points of all five of the world's oceans by the end of September 2019.[31][32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and northern South America in the mantle reference frame: An update". ResearchGate. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  2. ^ "Caribbean Plate". Caribbean Tectonics. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  3. ^ Montheil, Leny; Philippon, Mélody; Münch, Philippe; Camps, Pierre; Vaes, Bram; Cornée, Jean-Jacques; Poidras, Thierry; van Hinsbergen, Douwe J. J. (2023). "Paleomagnetic Rotations in the Northeastern Caribbean Region Reveal Major Intraplate Deformation Since the Eocene". Tectonics. 42 (8). Bibcode:2023Tecto..4207706M. doi:10.1029/2022TC007706. ISSN 0278-7407.
  4. ^ Lidiak, Edward G.; Anderson, Thomas H. (2015). "Evolution of the Caribbean plate and origin of the Gulf of Mexico in light of plate motions accommodated by strike-slip faulting". GeoScienceWorld. Geological Society of America Special Papers. 513. Geological Society of America: 1–88. doi:10.1130/2015.2513(01). ISBN 978-0-8137-2513-0. S2CID 131933179.
  5. ^ Calais, Éric; Symithe, Steeve; Mercier de Lépinay, Bernard; Prépetit, Claude (2016-01-01). "Plate boundary segmentation in the northeastern Caribbean from geodetic measurements and Neogene geological observations". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. From past to current tectonics. 348 (1): 42–51. Bibcode:2016CRGeo.348...42C. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2015.10.007. ISSN 1631-0713.
  6. ^ Garmon, W. T.; Allen, C.; Groom, Kaelin M. (2017). "2 Geologic and Tectonic Backgroundof the Lesser Antilles". SpringerLink. S2CID 22822744.
  7. ^ a b "The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans". ResearchGate. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  8. ^ "Atlantic Ocean". Five Deeps Expedition. Archived from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  9. ^ NOAA Ocean Exploration. "Mission Plan". Oceano Profundom 2015: Exploring Puerto Rico’s Seamounts, Trenches, and Troughs. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  10. ^ Stewart, Heather Ann (October 2019). "The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans". Earth-Science Reviews. 197:102896. Bibcode:2019ESRv..19702896S. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2020-01-24 – via ResearchGate.
  11. ^ a b "Exploring the Deepest Points on Planet Earth". hydro-international.com. Archived from the original on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  12. ^ a b "The last of the great explorers, The last of the great explorers". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  13. ^ a b Raza, Azra (2019-11-10). "The last of the great explorers". 3 Quarks Daily. Archived from the original on 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  14. ^ "Technology". Archived from the original on 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  15. ^ Dean, Josh (2018-12-21). "An inside look at the first solo trip to the deepest point of the Atlantic". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  16. ^ "Deep Dive 1 Atlantic Ocean PUERTO RICO TRENCH". fivedeeps.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  17. ^ ten Brink, Uri. "Puerto Rico Trench 2003: Cruise Summary Results". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
  18. ^ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "The Northeast Caribbean – Plate Tectonics in Action: Background Information: Océano Profundo 2018: Exploring Deep-Sea Habitats off Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands: NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research". oceanexplorer.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  19. ^ "Earthquakes and Tsunamis in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. April 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020. USGS Fact Sheet FS–141–00
  20. ^ "Major Caribbean Earthquakes And Tsunamis A Real Risk". ScienceDaily. 8 February 2005. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020. The Puerto Rico Trench, which is capable of producing earthquakes of magnitude 7 to 8 or greater
  21. ^ Nicks, Oran W., ed. (1970). "The Waters of Earth". This Island Earth. NASA. p. 53. LCCN 73608969. NASA SP-250. Beneath this 5-mile-deep trough lies a mysterious mass so dense it deflects the pull of gravity, causes the ocean surface to dip a measurable amount, and throws navigators off course by falsifying the readings of their instruments.
  22. ^ a b "Earthquakes and Tsunamis in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 141-00. April 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
  23. ^ "M6.4 – 57km N of Hatillo, Puerto Rico, Earthquake Hazard Program, 2014-01-13 04:01:04 UTC, USGS". Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
  24. ^ Pérês, J.M. (1965). "Aperçu sur les résultats de deux plongées effectuées dans le ravin de Puerto-Rico par le bathyscaphe Archimède". Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts (in English and French). 12 (6): 883–891. Bibcode:1965DSRA...12..883P. doi:10.1016/0011-7471(65)90811-9.
  25. ^ Cloud, Wallace (August 1964). "Jeeps in the Deep: Exploring 'Inner Space' and 4,500 Fathoms". Popular Science Monthly. Vol. 185, no. 2. p. 42. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2018-12-23.
  26. ^ Søreide, Fredrik (December 2012). "Ultradeep-Sea Exploration in the Puerto Rico Trench". Sea Technology. Vol. 53, no. 12. p. 54. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  27. ^ Lacey, Nichola C.; Jamieson, Alan J.; Søreide, Fredrik (March 2013). "Successful Capture of Ultradeep Sea Animals From the Puerto Rico Trench". Sea Technology. Vol. 54, no. 3. pp. 19–21. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16.
  28. ^ Brueck, Hilary (2018-12-20). "A$48 million submarine just took a record-breaking dive into the deepest corner of the Atlantic Ocean – 27,840 feet down". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
  29. ^ "The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project". Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
  30. ^ "Major partnership announced between The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project and The Five Deeps Expedition". gebco.net. 11 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-06-19. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  31. ^ "Home". fivedeeps.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  32. ^ Hydro International.com (18 June 2019). "Exploring the Deepest Points on Planet Earth". hydro-international.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
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19°50′9″N 66°45′16″W / 19.83583°N 66.75444°W / 19.83583; -66.75444

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