Punjabi folklore (more particularly its folksongs) are a core part of the Punjabi culture.[1][2] Other important components of Punjabi folklore are farces, anecdotes, idioms, folktales, and sayings.[3]

Research

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Origin

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Richard Carnac Temple argued in his 1884 work, The Legends of the Punjab, that the plot structure of Punjabi folktales and bardic poetry was indistinguishable from one another, albeit with the bardic poems being more textually conservative (as they had been governed by metre and rhyme due to being in verse form). This led him to believe that the folktales originated from the bardic literature, existing as degraded derivatives.[4]

I hope to show here abundantly that the bardic poem and the folktale are constructed on precisely the same lines as far as the pure story goes, even where the former is fastened on to really historical characters and mixed up with the narrative of bona fide historical facts [which Temple evidently values]. The folktale is very often in fact a mere scene, or jumble of scenes, to be found in the poem, where only the marvellous story has been remembered, while the names and surroundings of the actors to whom it is attributed has [sic] been forgotten. (Temple, v-vi)

— Donald Haase quoting R. C. Temple, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales, page 895

Themes

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Punjabi folktales commonly incorporate stories involving animals which teach a moral lesson.[5] This is a theme which originated in ancient India, with a surviving example being the Panchatantra of the third century BCE.[5] Other prevalent themes found within Punjabi folklore is a suspcision of those in positions of power, and folly & pretense used for derision.[5]

History of study

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Book cover of Tales of the Punjab by Flora Annie Steel

Academic folkloristic research into and the collecting of the large corpus of Punjabi folktales began during the colonial-era by Britishers, such as Flora Annie Steel's three papers on her studies of local Punjabi folktales (1880), with a translation of three fables into English,[2] Richard Carnac Temple's The Legends of the Punjab (1884), Flora Annie Steel's Tales of the Punjab (1894), and Charles Frederick Usborne's Panjabi Lyrics and Proverbs (1905).[6][3] Native Punjabis have also contributed to this field, with some names being Devendra Satyarthi, Mohinder Singh Randhawa, Amrita Pritam, Sohinder Singh Wanjara Bedi, Giani Gurdit Singh, and Sukhdev Madpuri, whom have contributed published collections, encyclopedias, anthologies, and renditions in this field of study.[6]

List of Punjabi folklore

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Temple, Richard C. (1884) The Legends of the Panjab. Bombay: Education Society's Press, [1884-1900] (Reissued with an introduction by Kartar Singh Duggal: Rupa and Company)
  2. ^ a b "Folklore Research in India - Punjab". Varia folklorica. Alan Dundes, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. The Hague [Noordeinde 41]: Mouton. 1978. p. 205. ISBN 978-3-11-080772-1. OCLC 561720258.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ a b Luhar, Sahdev (2023). Folklore Studies in India: Critical Regional Responses. N. S. Patel (Autonomous) Arts College. p. 53. ISBN 9788195500840.
  4. ^ "South Asian Tales". The Greenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales (in three volumes). Donald Haase. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 2008. p. 895. ISBN 978-0-313-04947-7. OCLC 192044183.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ a b c Folktales and fairy tales : traditions and texts from around the world. Anne E. Duggan, Donald Haase, Helen Callow (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California. 2016. p. 834. ISBN 978-1-61069-253-3. OCLC 923255058.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ a b Datta, Amaresh (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Vol. 2. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1309. ISBN 9788126011940.
  7. ^ Shuaib, Haroon (6 January 2022). "Raja Rasalu: An Epic Folklore from Sialkot". Youlin Magazine. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  8. ^ legends of the Panjab, Part 1 By R. C. Temple, Page121
  9. ^ a b c South Asian folklore : an encyclopedia. Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills. New York, NY. 2003. p. 497. ISBN 978-1-000-14353-9. OCLC 1222776533.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. ^ Aftab, Tahera (2008). Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide. Leiden: Brill. p. 511. ISBN 978-90-474-2385-0. OCLC 608597790.
  11. ^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. ISBN 9781316673898.
  12. ^ Appadurai, Arjun; Korom, Frank J.; Mills, Margaret A. (2015). Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions. South Asia Seminar. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 203. ISBN 9781512821321.

Further reading

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Folktale collections
  • King, Lucas W. (1921). "Folk-Tales from the Panjab". Folklore. 32 (3): 211–13. JSTOR 1254870. Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
  • King, L. W. (1921). "Folk-Tales from the Panjab [II]". Folklore. 32 (4): 271–73. JSTOR 1255204. Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
  • King, L. W. (1922). "Folk-Tales from the Panjab [III]". Folklore. 33 (1): 122–24. JSTOR 1255190. Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
  • King, Lucas (1924). "Folktales from the Panjab, IV". Folklore. 35 (1): 86–91. JSTOR 1255785. Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
  • King, Lucas (1925). "Panjab Folktales, V. (Continued)". Folklore. 36 (3): 258–63. JSTOR 1256050. Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
  • King, Lucas (1925). "Panjab Folktales, VI (Continued)". Folklore. 36 (4): 362–66. JSTOR 1256209. Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
  • King, Lucas (1926). "Panjab Folktales, VII". Folklore. 37 (1): 81–89. JSTOR 1255953. Accessed 2 Mar. 2024.
  • Sheikh-Dilthey, Helmtraut (1976). Märchen aus dem Pandschab [Fairy Tales from the Punjab] (in German). Diederichs.
  • Gill, Harjeet Singh (2003). Heer Ranjha and Other Legends of the Punjab. Illustrated by Eric Vikramjeet Singh Gill. Harman Publishing House. ISBN 9788186622605.
  • Aqeel, Shafi (2008). Popular Folk Tales of the Punjab. Translated by Ahmad Bashir. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195475791.
  • Bedi, Sohinder Singh Wanjara. Punjabi Lokdhara Vishav Kosh (in many volumes) [in Punjabi]. Lok Prakashan. ISBN 978-8190860031.
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