Quatrefoil: A Modern Novel, sometimes called Quatrefoil, is a novel about gay men written in 1950 by James W. Fugaté under the pen name James Barr.[1] It is known for being the first modern book to portray homosexuality in a positive way.[2] The main character, Phillip, is based on a college fraternity brother that the author had an affair with while in college.[3]
 First U.S. hardcover edition (1950) | |
| Author | James Barr |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
Publication date | 1950 |
| Pages | 321 |
| ISBN | 978-1-78-720064-7 |
| LC Class | PZ3.B2715 Qat |
Quatrefoil has been translated into French[4] and German.[5]
Its initial release was accompanied by a marketing campaign which included distribution of free copies to more than seventy-five gay bars in the United States and Canada. It was rumored to have outsold Gore Vidal's The City and the Pillar and Truman Capote's Other Voices, Other Rooms, two other prominent gay-themed novels of the time.[6]
Plot
editQuatrefoil tells the story of a naval officer and banker named Phillip Froelich who is engaged to be married to a woman named Sybel Jo.[7] While under investigation by court-martial by the Navy in 1946, he meets and is assisted by Tim Danelaw, a superior officer. While Phillip is increasing drawn to Tim, Phillip acts out his confusion by having a one-time affair with Tim's wife Pam. However, after sitting for a portrait by Tim, Phillip is drawn closer to Tim and finds out that Pam and Tim are going through a divorce. An affair with Tim causes Phillip to confront his closeted homosexuality.[8] They become lovers. They are stereotypical masculine and intellectual characters who discuss art and philosophy, and thus are contrasted (favorably according to the text) with behaviors of "the average homosexual" of the time who would be effeminate.[4] Phillip wrestles with his feelings and thoughts of his future, and the choice between living a stable life running his family's bank, or pursuing his newfound feelings for Tim. When Tim goes to Phillip's hometown of Devereux, Oklahoma, and meets Phillip's family, his family is embracing. Phillip's sister even encourages him to forsake the life expected of him to follow Tim. While in Oklahoma, Tim finds out Sybel Jo's family secret that has been hidden: the family is recently broke and is merely looking to quickly marry into the Froelichs for financial security. With this reveal, Phillip breaks off the engagement with Sybel Jo, and decides to be with Tim. However, at the end, just as Tim and Phillip are to be securely united and travel the world, Tim is killed in a plane crash.[7]
Recognition
editThe novel presents an example of how gay men kept their homosexuality hidden in the 1950s.[9] It has been admired as a work that portrayed the main characters as people who grew in self confidence, which differentiated the novel from other gay literature of the time portraying homosexual men as campy.[10] Most gay works at the time had ended with either suicide or murder out of self-loathing, another tradition broken by Quatrefoil, though Tim still dies.[11]
See also
edit- Quatrefoil, a decorative element
- Quatrefoil Library, which was named for the novel[12]
- Lost Gay Novels
References
edit- ^ Dave Parker (February 19, 2013). "LGBT Literature: James Barr, Quatrefoil". Daily Kos. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
- ^ "History". Quatrefoil Library. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
- ^ Hubert Kennedy. "Quatrefoil Broke New Ground". The Harvard Gay & Lesbian Review (Winter, 1996): 22–24. ISSN 1077-6591. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2017.(subscription required)
- ^ a b Hubert Kennedy (2005). "Barr, James (James Fugaté) (1922-1995)" (PDF). GLBTQ Archive.
- ^ Hubert Kennedy (2002). A Touch of Royalty: Gay Author James Barr (PDF). San Francisco: Peremptory Publications. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
- ^ Johnson, David K. (2019). Buying Gay: How Physique Entrepreneurs Sparked a Movement. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 155–6. ISBN 978-0-231-18911-8.
As part of the marketing blitz, [Greenberg Publisher vice president Brandt] Aymar compiled a "special list" of over seventy-five gay bars in U.S. and Canadian cities that would receive complementary copies--one of the first national compilations of gay bars. The list included piano bars such as the Cadillac Lounge in Cleveland, female impersonation cabarets such as Miami's Jewel Box, and gentlemen's hotel bars such as San Francisco's Top of the Mark.
- ^ a b James Barr (1982). Quatrefoil. Boston, Massachusetts: Alyson Publications, Inc. ISBN 0932870163.
- ^ "QUATREFOIL by James Barr". Kirkus Reviews. Archived from the original on 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
- ^ Stephen O. Murray (March 31, 1995). "Hell is other gay people: Quatrefoil". The Tangent Group. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
- ^ Keith, Thomas Andrew (November 1986). "In Print". Body Politic (132). ISSN 0315-3606.
- ^ Stewart, William (1995). Cassell's Queer Companion. Cassell. p. 204. ISBN 9780304343010.
- ^ Adam G. Keim (2008). History of the Quatrefoil Library (PDF). Friends of the Bill of Rights Foundation. p. viii. ISBN 978-0-9668828-2-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-09-15.
