The Quintus Marcius trilingual inscription is a Latin-Greek-Punic trilingual inscription on a stone object found in 1899 in Henchir-Alouin, near Uthina, in the outskirts of Tunis, Tunisia.[1] The Phoenician script is considered to be between the Punic and the Neo-Punic phases, between the fall of Carthage and the beginning of the Christian era.[2]
The inscription is engraved on a stone lintel, or more probable, an altar, decorated in the top and the bottom with molding.[1]
The Latin inscription was published as CIL VIII 24030,[3] and the Punic inscription was published as RES 79.[4]
Inscription
edit| (line 1 - Latin) | Q. MARCI[us...] | Quintus Marci[us...] | Quintus Marci[us...] |
| (line 2 - Latin) | PROTOMACVS [medicus...] | Protomacus [medicus...] | Protomacus [the Physician...] |
| (line 3 - Latin) | FACTA. L(?). M. COS. M[...] | facta L... M... Cos... M... [...] | made ... [...] |
| (line 4 - Greek) | ΚΟΥΙΝΚΤΟΣΜΑΡΚΙΟ[ς πρωτο...] | Kouinktos Markio[s Prōto-...] | Kouinktos Markio[s Proto-] |
| (line 5 - Greek) | ΜΑΧΟΣΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΔΟ[υ ἰατρός...] | -machos Herakleido[u iatros...] | -machos Heracleide[s the doctor...] |
| (line 6 - Punic) | [המזבח? ז]𐤕?𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤒𐤉𐤍𐤈𐤀𐤌𐤏𐤓𐤒𐤉𐤐𐤓𐤈
|
[hmzbḥ? z]t ytn qynṭʾ mʿrqy prṭ- | [This altar] gave Quintus Marcius Proto-] |
| (line 7 - Punic) | [מקא ה]𐤓𐤐𐤀𐤔𐤕𐤔𐤐𐤈𐤌𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤅𐤀𐤃𐤍𐤁<על>
|
[mqʾ h]rpʾ št špṭm ʿbdmlqrt wʾdnb<ʿl> | [-makus the] doctor (in the) year of the Suffets Abdmelqart and Adonba<al>. |
The length of the gap in first Latin line suggest it included the name of the father ("F(ilius) ...").[8] The third line presents a difficulty: the abbreviations ("L(?). M. COS. M[...]") may mention a date, but can't be interpreted as the names of the Suffets Abdmelqart and Adonbaal; perhaps they were Duumviri of a neighboring colony.[8]
The Greek inscription presents the name of the dedicator, following a genitive and the restored "ἰατρός", corresponding with Latin "medicus".[8] However, the name Ἡρακλείδης corresponds with the Phoenician Abdmelqart; This fact makes a restoration like "ἄρχοντος" - which will make the Greek and Punic parts parallel - possible, although it doesn't explain the presence of only one Suffet, and hence it is simpler to see Herakleides as the father, following the tranditional Greek structure of such inscriptions.[9]
The beginning of the first line of the Punic inscription is reconstructed with uncertainty; Zayin and Taw in this version of the Punic/Neo-Punic script are similar, therefore the logical reconstructions are "[hmzbḥ z]t" ("th[is (female) altar") and "[hmzbḥ ʾ]z" ("th[is (male) altar").[10] The last two letters of the second line, which end the name Adonbaal, seem to be missing.[11]
Dating
editThe lack of h in the Latin transcription of the name Protomacus help determine the date of the inscription: aspirations began to be noted in Latin around the time of Julius Caesar and Cicero, so although the transition was gradual, it is plausible to date the inscription to the middle of the first century BC.[12] The Phoenician script is between the Punic and the Neo-Punic phases, between the fall of Carthage and the beginning of the Christian era.[2] The Punic transcription of the foreign names does not preserve the suffix s (Quintus was pronounced "Quinte", and Marcius "Marqi"); the Latin K and Greek Κ are rendered by Punic Qoph, and the Latin T and Greek Τ are rendered by Punic Teth.[2]
Bilingual and even trilingual inscriptions for doctors are not rarity in Africa and elsewhere in the ancient world.[12][13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Berger & Cagnat 1899, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b c Berger & Cagnat 1899, p. 53.
- ^ Mezhoud, Lilia (2018). "Discussion autour d'un fragment de texte". Academia.edu (in French).
- ^ Quintus Marcius trilingual inscription (1900–05), RES 79, pages 64-65
- ^ "autel (AO 3240)". Louvre Collections. 100.
- ^ Berger & Cagnat 1899, pp. 49–53.
- ^ "Archaeological Discussions". American Journal of Archaeology. 3 (4/5): 596. 1899. doi:10.2307/496763. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 496763.
- ^ a b c Berger & Cagnat 1899, p. 51.
- ^ Berger & Cagnat 1899, pp. 51–52.
- ^ Berger & Cagnat 1899, p. 49.
- ^ Berger & Cagnat 1899, p. 50.
- ^ a b Berger & Cagnat 1899, p. 52.
- ^ cf. CIL I 1256; VIII 15, 16, 21105.
Bibliography
edit- Berger, Philippe; Cagnat, René Louis Victor (1899). "L'inscription trilingue d'Henchir Alaouin". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 43 (1): 48–54. doi:10.3406/crai.1899.71329.
- Lidzbarski, Mark (1902). "Eine dreisprachige Inschrift aus Tunisien". Ephemeris für Semitische Epigraphik I: 1900–1902. De Gruyter. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-3-11-158843-8.
- Jongeling, K.; Kerr, R.M. (2005). Late Punic Epigraphy: An Introduction to the Study of Neo-Punic and Latino-Punic Inscriptions. Mohr Siebeck. p. 33. ISBN 978-3-16-148728-6.
- Masstino, Attilio, Zucca, Raimondo (2004). "La naissance de la culture épigraphique latine en Africa", in: Fantar, M. H. (ed.), Débuts de l'écriture au Maghreb, Casablanca, pp. 201–202