Quzhou[a] is a prefecture-level city in western Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. Sitting on the upper course of the Qiantang River, it borders Hangzhou to the north, Jinhua to the east, Lishui to the southeast, and the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi and Anhui to the south, southwest and northwest respectively. Its population was 2,276,184 inhabitants as of the 2020 census of whom 902,767 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Qujiang and Kecheng urban Districts.[4] Chinese actress and singer Zhou Xun was born in Quzhou.
Quzhou
衢州市 Chuchow | |
|---|---|
 Shuiting Gate of the Quzhou City Wall | |
 | |
 Location of Quzhou City jurisdiction in Zhejiang | |
  Quzhou Location in eastern China  Quzhou Quzhou (China) | |
| Coordinates (Quzhou municipal government): 28°58′13″N 118°51′33″E / 28.9702°N 118.8593°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Zhejiang |
| County-level divisions | 6 |
| Municipal seat | Kecheng District |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Xu Wenguang (徐文光) |
| Area | |
| 8,846 km2 (3,415 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 3,069 km2 (1,185 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,008.9 km2 (389.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census) | |
| 2,276,184 | |
| • Density | 260/km2 (670/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 902,767 |
| • Urban density | 290/km2 (760/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 902,767 |
| • Metro density | 890/km2 (2,300/sq mi) |
| GDP[1] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 163.9 billion US$ 22.2 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 71,766 US$ 10,115 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 324000 |
| Area code | 0570 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-ZJ-08 |
| License Plate Prefix | 浙H |
| City tree | Camphor |
| City flower | Osmanthus |
| Website | quzhou |
| Quzhou | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 衢州 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
History
edit
Descendants of Confucius
editDuring the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation,[5]: 572 [6][7]: 14 [12] so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.[13][14] The Hanlin Academy rank of Wujing boshi (五經博士) was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng.[5]: 575 [7]: 14 [15][16] Kong Ruogu (孔若古) aka Kong Chuan (孔傳)[7]: 5 47th generation[17][18][19][20][21][22] was claimed to be the ancestor of the Southern branch after Kong Zhu died by Northern branch member Kong Guanghuang.[5]: 575 [8] The leader of the southern branch is Kong Xiangkai (孔祥楷).[23]
Second World War
editDuring the Second World War, Imperial Japanese army used bacteriological weapons in Quzhou, spreading plague, typhoid and other diseases in Quzhou, as well as in Ningbo and Changde. As a result, between 1940 and 1948 more than 300,000 Chinese civilians in the area contracted the plague and other diseases, and an estimated 50,000 died in Quzhou alone.[24]
On April 18, 1942, hours after bombing Tokyo, six US Army B-25 bombers crash landed near Quzhou after running out of fuel, including the leader of the raid, Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle.
Administration
edit
The prefecture-level city of Quzhou administers 2 districts, 1 county-level city, and 3 counties.
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | |||
| 1 | Kecheng District | 柯城区 | Kēchéng Qū | |||
| 2 | Qujiang District | 衢江区 | Qújiāng Qū | |||
| 3 | Jiangshan City | 江山市 | Jiāngshān Shì | |||
| 4 | Changshan County | 常山县 | Chángshān Xiàn | |||
| 5 | Kaihua County | 开化县 | Kāihuà Xiàn | |||
| 6 | Longyou County | 龙游县 | Lóngyóu Xiàn | |||
Geography
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The centre of Quzhou sits on a broad basin along the Qu River, a tributary of the Qiantang River. The Qu River flows roughly southeast for 81.5 km (50.6 mi) and is flanked on both sides by hills. Almost all the rivers of Quzhou feed into the Qiantang, which ultimately empties into Hangzhou Bay.
The terrain is higher in the west and the east. The territory of Quzhou Municipality is made up of plains (15%), hills (36%), and mountains (49%). In the north is the Qianli Gang (千里岗) mountain range and in the west the Yu Mountains (玉山脉). The highest mountains, the range known as the Xianxia Ling (仙霞岭), lie in the south. The highest point in the city is at Dalong Gang (大龙岗), which rises to 1,500 m above sea level.
70.7% of the land is covered with forest. The rest is densely irrigated and farmed, producing citrus fruits, tea and mulberry leaves.
The north China plain is an important grain-producing areas is also the key area of nitrogen loss, Quzhou nitrogen loss in 2017 about 9000 tons, through effective to improve crops (wheat, corn, vegetables and animal (pig, eggs) in the production of reasonable management to further improve the Quzhou has been the development of the north China plain green agriculture.[25]
Climate
editQuzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with four distinctive seasons, characterised by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and drier winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is 17.31 °C (63.2 °F), with monthly daily averages ranging from 5.4 °C (41.7 °F) in January to 28.7 °C (83.7 °F) in July. The city receives an average annual rainfall of 1,665.1 millimetres (65.6 in) and is affected by the plum rains of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. The frost-free period lasts 251–261 days. Winds along the Qiantang River valley are predominantly north-easterly and north-east-easterly. Occasionally typhoons blow in from the Pacific Ocean. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 25% in March to 59% in August, the city receives 1,810 hours of bright sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Quzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) |
28.2 (82.8) |
34.2 (93.6) |
34.6 (94.3) |
36.8 (98.2) |
39.0 (102.2) |
40.9 (105.6) |
42.1 (107.8) |
39.6 (103.3) |
36.1 (97.0) |
31.9 (89.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
42.1 (107.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
34.2 (93.6) |
33.7 (92.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
12.5 (54.5) |
22.6 (72.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
11.9 (53.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.3 (77.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
7.8 (46.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
4.6 (40.3) |
8.2 (46.8) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
4.3 (39.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −10.4 (13.3) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
2.1 (35.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
14.4 (57.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−7 (19) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 91.2 (3.59) |
108.6 (4.28) |
189.4 (7.46) |
204.0 (8.03) |
211.1 (8.31) |
360.0 (14.17) |
167.8 (6.61) |
128.2 (5.05) |
76.9 (3.03) |
52.2 (2.06) |
85.7 (3.37) |
71.1 (2.80) |
1,746.2 (68.76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.8 | 13.3 | 17.6 | 16.3 | 15.8 | 17.5 | 11.5 | 12.3 | 9.3 | 8.0 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 156.5 |
| Average snowy days | 3.1 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 7.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 78 | 78 | 76 | 76 | 81 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 73 | 77 | 77 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 93.2 | 92.8 | 109.6 | 128.5 | 145.4 | 124.9 | 226.8 | 214.6 | 178.8 | 168.5 | 129.3 | 124.3 | 1,736.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 28 | 29 | 29 | 33 | 35 | 30 | 53 | 53 | 49 | 48 | 41 | 39 | 39 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[26][27][28]all-time extreme temperature[29] | |||||||||||||
Tourism
edit- Ancestral Temple of the Southern Confucian Clan
- Lanke Mountain, 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of the city proper. It features green peaks and clear waters, and the huge rocks on top of the mountain support a horizontal rock to form a natural arch, the Tiansheng Bridge ("Nature-Formed").
Demographics
editAs of 2003, Quzhou municipality registered a population of 2,578,100. The vast majority are Han Chinese (99.16%) but there are also small minorities of She (0.73%) and Hui, Zhuang, Manchu and Miao (together making up 0.1%). Most of the people in Quzhou are engaged in agriculture (2,035,100). The genders are roughly evenly split. Population density is 273 people per km2. At any given time there are a handful of foreign (mainly European and Australian) teachers at the schools and university of Quzhou, as well as alleged but never seen Russian Military Personnel who work and advise at the military base.[citation needed]
Transportation
editQuzhou is well served by both railways and highways. The city of Quzhou is a major connection hub between the three provinces of Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian, with the Zhegan Railroad running through southern Quzhou and the Qu River flowing past northern Quzhou. A local saying goes: "Four provinces through Qu, it's the head of five roads" (四省通衢、五路总头)[citation needed].
- Airport
Quzhou Airport, ranked as class 4C, is located 3 km (1.9 mi) away from east side of city centre,[30] and this airport was built in 22nd year of Republic of China (1933).The destinations are Beijing, Chongqing, Haikou, Jinan, Qingdao, Kunming, Dalian, Guiyang, Xi'an and Shenzhen. Airplane timetable and more information can be found on Quzhou airport official website. The nearest large-scale airport is Hangzhou International Airport, and its information can be found on Hangzhou International Airport Official Website
- Railway
One of the most famous railway passes through the city is Shanghai-Kunming Railway with a speed of 200 km/h (120 mph). This railway has three stations in city, which are Longyou railway station, Quzhou railway station, Jiangshan railway station, Changshan Station, Kaihua Station. More information can be found on Quzhou Railway Website Archived 2014-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- Highway
Quzhou South Station, also named as Quzhou Express Station (衢州快客站),located in No.209 Shang Street, has 27 buses to Hangzhou, 18 to Jinhua, 8 to Ningbo, 6 to Wenzhou, and 3 to Shanghai daily. Another Express Station is located in He Hua Middle Road (荷花中路), on the south of newly built train station, and its destinations cover most cities in Jiangxi Province and Fujian Province. More bus information can be found on https://web.archive.org/web/20111231062848/http://www.icha.com.cn/RailwayStation/130.Html
Notes
edit- ^ In addition to the pinyin and Wade-Giles romanizations of the name given above, Quzhou also appears in historical accounts as Kyu-tcheou-fou[2] and Kiu-tcheou-fou, [3] based on French transcriptions of its name and former status as a prefectural seat.
References
edit- ^ 浙江省统计局. "2021年浙江统计年鉴 17-2 各市国民经济主要指标（2021年）" (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 2020-08-17. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
- ^ E.g.: Winterbotham, William (1795). An historical, geographical, and philosophical view of the Chinese empire: comprehending a description of the fifteen provinces of China, Chinese Tartary; tributary states; natural history of China; government, religion, laws, manners and customs, literature, arts, sciences, manufactures, &c (2 ed.). p. 83.
- ^ Murray, Hugh; Crawfurd, John; Gordon, Peter (1843), An historical and descriptive account of China: its ancient and modern history, language, literature, religion, government, industry, manners, and social state ... (3 ed.), Oliver & Boyd, pp. 25–26
- ^ "China: Zhèjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d Wilson, Thomas A. (August 1996). "The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage". The Journal of Asian Studies. 55 (3). Cambridge University Press, Association for Asian Studies: 559–584. doi:10.2307/2646446. JSTOR 2646446. S2CID 162848825.
- ^ a b "Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
- ^ a b c d "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "Session 45: On Sacred Grounds: The Material Culture and Ritual Formation of the Confucian Temple in Late Imperial China". Association for Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2016-07-24.
- ^ https://www.asian-studies.org/absts/1995abst/china/csess45.htm Archived 2015-03-18 at archive.today http://archive Archived 2013-07-12 at the Wayback Machine. is/hOXhs; http://academics.hamilton.edu/asian_studies/home/CultTemp/sitePages/temple.html
- ^ "- Quzhou City Guides - China TEFL Network". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-04.; http://kfz.freehostingguru.com/article20.php Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine; http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm; http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm
- ^ "孔子家族全书：家事本末". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-05-03.
- ^ Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (21 March 2014). Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present. BRILL. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-90-04-27151-7.
- ^ "Nation observes Confucius anniversary". China Daily. 2006-09-29.
- ^ "Confucius Anniversary Celebrated". China Daily. September 29, 2006.
- ^ Wilson, Thomas A. (2002). On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 69, 315. ISBN 978-0-674-00961-5.
- ^ Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (21 March 2014). Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present. BRILL. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-90-04-27151-7.
- ^ "页面不存在". js.ifeng.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
- ^ Archived copy Archived 2016-06-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "金华磐安发现一处宋代古墓 墓主疑是孔子47代裔孙--浙江省殡葬协会". Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ^ "中国深圳孔氏联谊会-榉溪孔氏家庙". Archived from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
- ^ "孔传：孔传 锁定 本缺少名片图，补充相关内". Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
- ^ "孔氏六帖 南宋 孔传（孔若古）衢州派始祖".
- ^ Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (21 March 2014). Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present. BRILL. p. 189. ISBN 978-90-04-27151-7.
- ^ Jonathan Watts: Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese The Guardian, 28 August 2002; Justin McCurry: Japan's sins of the past The Guardian, 28 October 2004.
- ^ Meng, Fanlei; Wang, Mengru; Strokal, Maryna; Kroeze, Carolien; Ma, Lin; Li, Yanan; Zhang, Qi; Wei, Zhibiao; Hou, Yong; Liu, Xuejun; Xu, Wen (November 2021). "Nitrogen losses from food production in the North China Plain: A case study for Quzhou". Science of the Total Environment. 816: 151557. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151557. PMID 34762946. S2CID 243909730.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
- ^ "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". Retrieved 2024-09-22.
- ^ "Quzhou Airport Official Website". Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
External links
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