The voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill /r/ only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.
| Voiceless alveolar trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| r̥ | |||
| IPA Number | 122 402A | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| X-SAMPA | r_0 | ||
| |||
Proto-Indo-European *sr developed into a sound spelled ⟨ῥ⟩, with the letter for /r/ and the diacritic for /h/, in Ancient Greek. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of /r/ in standard Attic Greek that has disappeared in Modern Greek.
- PIE *srew- > Ancient Greek ῥέω "flow", possibly [r̥é.ɔː]
Features
editFeatures of the voiceless alveolar trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation is dental, alveolar or post-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.[1]
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit- Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dharumbal[2] | barhi | [ˈbar̥i] | 'stone' | Contrasts with /r/. | |
| Estonian[3] | [example needed] | Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t, s, h/.[3] See Estonian phonology | |||
| Dutch | herinvoering | [ɦɛr̥ɪnvuːrɪŋ] | 'reinstatement' | Possible word-final allophone of /r/; | |
| Icelandic | hrafn | [ˈr̥apn̥] | 'raven' | Contrasts with /r/. For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap. Also illustrates [n̥]. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Konda[4] | puRi | [pur̥i] | 'ant hill' | Contrasts /ɾ r r̥ ɽ/.[5] | |
| Lezgian[6] | крчар/krčar | [ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar] | 'horns' | Allophone of /r/ between voiceless obstruents | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[7] | geer | [ɣeːr̥] | 'odour' | Possible word-final allophone of /r/; may be uvular [ʀ̥] instead.[8] See Hasselt dialect phonology |
| Moksha | нархне/närhn'e | [ˈnar̥nʲæ] | 'these grasses' | Contrasts with /r/: нарня [ˈnarnʲæ] "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart /r̥ʲ/: марьхне [ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ] "these apples", but марьня [ˈmarʲnʲæ] "little apple" | |
| Nivkh | Amur dialect | р̌ы/řy | [r̥ɨ] | 'door' | Contrasts with /r/. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated ⟨r̝̊⟩. |
| Northern Qiang | [example needed] | Contrasts with /r/ | |||
| Polish | krtań | [ˈkr̥täɲ̟] | 'larynx' | Allophone of /r/ when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[9] | центр/centr | [t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥] | 'centre' | Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t/.[9] See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | Rhagfyr | [ˈr̥aɡvɨr] | 'December' | Contrasts with /r/. See Welsh phonology | |
| Yaygirr | dirha | [ˈdir̥a] | 'tooth' | Contrasts with /r/. | |
| Zapotec | Quiegolani[10] | rsil | [r̥sil] | 'early' | Allophone of /r/.[10] |
Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
edit| Voiceless alveolar fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝̊ | |
| IPA Number | 122 402A 429 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r_0_r |
The voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language, except possibly the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. It occurs allophonically in Czech.
Features
editFeatures of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
- Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge,
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech[11][12] | tři sta | [ˈt̪r̝̊ɪs̪t̪ä] | 'three hundred' | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants;[13][12] may be a tapped fricative instead.[12] See Czech phonology | |
| Norwegian | Areas around Narvik[14] | norsk | [nɔr̝̊k] | 'Norwegian' | Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ before voiceless consonants.[14] |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk[14] | |||||
| Nivkh | (East) Sakhalin dialect | р̌ы | [r̝̊ɨ] | 'door' | Contrasts with /r/. In the Amur dialect, typically realized as ⟨r̥⟩. |
| Polish | Some dialects | przyjść | [ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ] | 'to come' | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as /ʂ/, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do so too. |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna | [example needed] | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants. It's pronounced the same as /ʂ/ in most Polish dialects | ||
| Jablunkov | [example needed] | ||||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:228)
- ^ Terrill (2002), p. 4.
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Emeneau (1970), p. 70.
- ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
- ^ Haspelmath (1993:35)
- ^ Peters (2006)
- ^ While Peters (2006) does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol ⟨r̥⟩ for many instances of the word-final /r/.
- ^ a b Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:8)
- ^ a b Regnier (1993:11)
- ^ Dankovičová (1999:70–71)
- ^ a b c Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:226)
- ^ Dankovičová (1999:70)
- ^ a b c Fabiánová (2011:34–35)
References
edit- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Emeneau, Murray Barnson (1970), Dravidian Comparative Phonology: A Sketch, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India: Annamalai University
- Fabiánová, Martina (2011), Srovnání české a norské fonetiky (PDF)
- Haspelmath, Martin (1993), A Grammar of Lezgian, Mouton Grammar Library, vol. 9, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-013735-6
- Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003-01-16). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511486876. ISBN 978-0-521-77111-5. S2CID 62636490.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Regnier, Sue (1993), "Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology", Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, 37, University of Dakota: 37–63
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
- Terrill, Angela (2002), Dharumbal: The Language of Rockhampton, Australia, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 0-85883-462-6