RTI(-4229)-55, also called RTI-55 or iometopane, is a phenyltropane-based psychostimulant used in scientific research and in some medical applications. This drug was first cited in 1991.[1] RTI-55 is a non-selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor derived from methylecgonidine. However, more selective analogs are derived by conversion to "pyrrolidinoamido" RTI-229, for instance. Due to the large bulbous nature of the weakly electron withdrawing iodo halogen atom, RTI-55 is the most strongly serotonergic of the simple para-substituted troparil based analogs.[2] In rodents RTI-55 actually caused death at a dosage of 100 mg/kg, whereas RTI-51 and RTI-31 did not.[2] Another notable observation is the strong propensity of RTI-55 to cause locomotor activity enhancements,[2] although in an earlier study, RTI-51 was actually even stronger than RTI-55 in shifting baseline LMA.[3] This observation serves to highlight the disparities that can arise between studies.
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| Other names | (–)-2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)tropane; β-CIT; iometopane; iometopane I 123 (USAN); iometopane 123I (INN); iometopane I 125 (USAN); iometopane 125I (INN) |
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| Formula | C16H20INO2 |
| Molar mass | 385.245 g·mol−1 |
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RTI-55 is one of the most potent phenyltropane stimulants commercially available, which limits its use in humans, as it might have significant abuse potential if used outside a strictly controlled medical setting.[4] However, it is definitely worthy of mentioning that increasing the size of the halogen atom attached to troparil serves to reduce the number of lever responses in a session when these analogs were compared in a study.[5] Although RTI-55 wasn't specifically examined in this study the number of lever responses in a given session was of the order cocaine > WIN35428 > RTI-31 > RTI-51.
In contrast to RTI-31 which is predominantly dopaminergic, increasing the size of the covalently bonded halogen from a chlorine to an iodine markedly increases the affinity for the SERT, while retaining mostly all of its DAT blocking activity.
The radiopharmaceutical forms of RTI-55, in which the iodine atom is radioiodine so that the drug can be used in single-photon emission computed tomography, are called iometopane I 123 (USAN) or iometopane 123I (INN) and iometopane I 125 (USAN) or iometopane 125I (INN). The 123I and 125I isotopes are favored because they are very-high-energy γ-ray emitters.
Compared to the "WIN" compounds, extremely low Ki values are attainable.
Uses
editRTI-55 is mainly used in scientific research into the dopamine reuptake transporter. Various radiolabelled forms of RTI-55 (with different radioactive isotopes of iodine used depending on the application) are used in both humans and animals to map the distribution of dopamine transporters and serotonin transporters in the brain.[6][7] The 123I derivative is known as iometopane.
The main practical application for this drug in medicine is to assess the rate of dopamine neuron degradation in the brains of sufferers of Parkinson's disease,[8][9] and some other conditions such as progressive supranuclear palsy.[10]
Chemistry
editRTI-55 is made as follows:[11][12][13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Boja JW, Patel A, Carroll FI, Rahman MA, Philip A, Lewin AH, et al. (February 1991). "[125I]RTI-55: a potent ligand for dopamine transporters". European Journal of Pharmacology. 194 (1): 133–4. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(91)90137-F. PMID 2060590.
- ^ a b c Carroll FI, Runyon SP, Abraham P, Navarro H, Kuhar MJ, Pollard GT, Howard JL (December 2004). "Monoamine transporter binding, locomotor activity, and drug discrimination properties of 3-(4-substituted-phenyl)tropane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester isomers". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 47 (25): 6401–9. doi:10.1021/jm0401311. PMID 15566309.
- ^ Kimmel HL, Carroll FI, Kuhar MJ (December 2001). "Locomotor stimulant effects of novel phenyltropanes in the mouse". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 65 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00144-2. PMID 11714587.
- ^ Weed MR, Mackevicius AS, Kebabian J, Woolverton WL (August 1995). "Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of beta-CIT in rhesus monkeys". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 51 (4): 953–6. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(95)00032-r. PMID 7675883. S2CID 53215171.
- ^ Wee S, Carroll FI, Woolverton WL (February 2006). "A reduced rate of in vivo dopamine transporter binding is associated with lower relative reinforcing efficacy of stimulants". Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 (2): 351–62. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300795. PMID 15957006.
- ^ Shaya EK, Scheffel U, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA, Carroll FI, Wagner HN, et al. (February 1992). "In vivo imaging of dopamine reuptake sites in the primate brain using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and iodine-123 labeled RTI-55". Synapse. 10 (2): 169–72. doi:10.1002/syn.890100210. PMID 1585258. S2CID 38478862.
- ^ Shang Y, Gibbs MA, Marek GJ, Stiger T, Burstein AH, Marek K, et al. (February 2007). "Displacement of serotonin and dopamine transporters by venlafaxine extended release capsule at steady state: a [123I]2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-iodophenyl)-tropane single photon emission computed tomography imaging study". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 27 (1): 71–5. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31802e0017. PMID 17224717. S2CID 25239273.
- ^ Staffen W, Mair A, Unterrainer J, Trinka E, Bsteh C, Ladurner G (May 2000). "[123I] beta-CIT binding and SPET compared with clinical diagnosis in parkinsonism". Nuclear Medicine Communications. 21 (5): 417–24. doi:10.1097/00006231-200005000-00002. PMID 10874697.
- ^ Zubal IG, Early M, Yuan O, Jennings D, Marek K, Seibyl JP (June 2007). "Optimized, automated striatal uptake analysis applied to SPECT brain scans of Parkinson's disease patients". Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 48 (6): 857–64. doi:10.2967/jnumed.106.037432. PMID 17504864.
- ^ Seppi K, Scherfler C, Donnemiller E, Virgolini I, Schocke MF, Goebel G, et al. (August 2006). "Topography of dopamine transporter availability in progressive supranuclear palsy: a voxelwise [123I]beta-CIT SPECT analysis". Archives of Neurology. 63 (8): 1154–60. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.8.1154. PMID 16908744.
- ^ U.S. patent 5,128,118
- ^ U.S. patent 6,123,917
- ^ Musachio JL, Keverline KI, Carroll FI, Dannals RF (January 1996). "3 Beta-(p-trimethylsilylphenyl)tropane-2 beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester: a new precursor for the preparation of [123I]RTI-55". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 47 (1): 79–81. doi:10.1016/0969-8043(95)00259-6. PMID 8589674.