Wikipedia

Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Altarriba and the second or maternal family name is Villanueva.

Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva, 1st Count of Altarriba, 24th Baron of Sangarrén (1841–1906), was a Spanish Carlist politician, landowner, publisher, and soldier. During the Third Carlist War he commanded battalion-size legitimist units. He represented the party in the lower chamber of the Cortes during 2 terms of 1879-1881 and 1886-1890. In the 1890s and early 1900s he served as the party leader in the region of Old Castile, though as one of the largest landholders in Gipuzkoa he exerted also enormous influence in the province.

Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva
Born
Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva

30 August 1841
Bayonne, France
Died1 April 1906 (1906-05) (aged 64)
Madrid, Spain
Cause of deathwar
NationalitySpanish
Citizenshipspanish
Occupationlandowner
Known forpolitician
Political partyCarlism

Family and youth

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Bergara, former Seminario Cientifico

Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva was born into a distinguished aristocratic Aragonese family of Altarriba. Possibly from the old distinguished Catalan noble family of Altarriba in Catalonia, part of the Crown of Aragon at the time, it held baronia de Sangarrén since the 14th century[1] and condado de Robres since the 18th century;[2] its representatives were many times noted in the history of Aragón and Zaragoza.[3] His paternal grandmother, María Bernarda Colón Serra,[4] was a descendant of Christopher Columbus.[5] Ramón's father, José de Altarriba y Colón de Larreátegui (1804-1870), 11th conde de Robres[6] and 22nd barón de Sangarrén, was a Carlist highly esteemed by Carlos VI; no details of his involvement in the movement are available.[7] Ramón's mother, also from Aragón, María Pilar Villanueva y Altarriba (1820-1895), was daughter of conde de Atarés and second cousin of his father José.[8]

None of the sources consulted clarifies why the family lived in the French Bayonne, a usual location for Carlist exiles and refugees fleeing Spain in the aftermath of defeat suffered during the First Carlist War. Ramón was one of 8 siblings and the second oldest son.[9] His older brother, José María, upon return to Aragón followed the family path and also engaged in Carlist activities,[10] which did not prevent him from becoming comisario regio for Zaragoza in 1869;[11] he inherited all family titles in 1870. Ramón as a youngster moved from France to Spain and entered Real Seminario Científico Industrial,[12] a state-ran and highly esteemed[13] Gipuzkoan educational establishment in Bergara.[14] He is reported as enrolled in 1854, though it is not clear when he completed the curriculum; the standard cycle lasted 5 years.[15]

Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva married Rosa Guerra y Serbi; nothing is known of this marriage, apart that his wife died in 1875 and the couple had no issue.[16] He then espoused María de la Blanca Porcel y Guirior (1859-1940),[17] heir to aristocratic family originating from Gipuzkoa and Andalusia. Since her father[18] died in 1873[19] with no male descendants, having been the oldest daughter she arranged to inherit his titles as 7th marquesa de Villa Alegre and San Millán; Altarriba became marqués consorte.[20] The couple had two sons, Ramón and Jaime Altarriba y Porcel.[21] Nothing is known about the former; the latter (1884–1936)[22] joined artillery and pursued a military career.[23] He became comandante de Artilleria, maestrante de la Real Maestranza de la Caballeria de Zaragoza[24] and an entrepreneur.[25] Also an active Carlist, in 1934 he headed finance section of Comunión Tradicionalista.[26] The 1936 coup surprised him in the Gipuzkoan spa of Zestoa, where he was detained by the republican militia and died.[27]

War and war

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Moroccan soldier 1860

Upon the outbreak of Primera Guerra de Marruecos in 1859 the young Altarriba volunteered to the army; accepted, he was assigned to the Aragon infantry unit of Regimento de Zamora and landed in Ceuta in December 1859.[28] Details of his service are unclear, though he certainly entered many combat actions against the Moroccan troops. Serving under the command of Antonio Ros de Olano[29] in January 1860 he might have taken part in the battle of Castillejos; bypassing Monte Negrón in a dare Spanish maneuver,[30] he then participated in the battle of Cabo Negro.[31] For meritorious service Altarriba was awarded Cruz de San Fernando[32] and got promoted to teniente.[33] Late 1860 the unit returned to the Zaragoza barracks.[34] Apparently enjoying adventurous life and vivacious company, he demonstrated some gift for rhyming couplets;[35] at that time he befriended Nicolas Estevanez Murphy.[36] During the next few years Altarriba continued his military career, though no details are known.

 
Barón de Sangarren

Following the Revolution of 1868 Altarriba requested and was granted release from military service,[37] though he returned to the army in 1871.[38] Once the Republic was declared he approached the conspiring Carlists[39] and at the outbreak of the Third Carlist War he was already incorporated in their army.[40] He was assigned to the Northern Front and took command of an insurgent volunteer Biscay battalion, which conquered and cleared the Durango district in 1873.[41] Promoted to coronel, he then commanded primera brigada de Vizcaya and joined the siege of Bilbao in early 1874; he led the unit routing the Republican forces during the battle of Somorrostro[42] and advancing later to Portugalete,[43] where Altarriba was given the privilege of accepting surrender of the famous battalón de Segorbe.[44] Participated in a number of skirmishes at the outskirts of Bilbao, assaulting the forts of Delmas and Volantín.[45] Nominated Comandante General del Alto Aragón, Altarriba was the organizer, sponsor and commander of Battalón de Almogávares de la Virgen del Pilar,[46] leading it early 1875 during the defense of the so-called línea de Carrascal[47] and in the Navarrese battles of Lumbier and Etxauri.[48] In final phase of the war and in unclear circumstances there was an investigative proceeding launched against Altarriba; eventually cleared of all charges, he was promoted to brigadier.[49] Located in mid-range command chain, he did not make it amongst top Carlist commanders and did not supervise operations above the tactical level. Nominated adjutant to Carlos VII,[50] in reward for his service Altarriba was conceded the title of conde de Altarriba.[51]

Early Restauración

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Carlist standard

A widower with no close family, it is not clear where Altarriba settled after the war; in 1877 he was linked to the Catalan town of Aviá.[52] In 1878 he was already married[53] and assumed administration of his wife's property in Gipuzkoa. The estates slightly exceeding 1,000 ha[54] rendered the couple the 4th largest terratenientes in the province[55] and one of the richest people in Gipuzkoa.[56] His wife held land also in Álava and Andalusia;[57] for some time Altarriba managed the Pinos Puente estate in Granada, which she possessed jointly with her two unmarried sisters, though with a rather mediocre result.[58] In 1878 José María Altarriba, unmarried and with no issue,[59] renounced baronia[60] in favor of his younger brother, making Ramón the 24th barón de Sangarrén.[61]

Altarriba seemed pessimistic as to the future of Carlism,[62] considered orphaned, with no political direction[63] and managed by ineffective Junta Militar.[64] In 1878 he wrote to Carlos VII urging him to appoint a strong political leader.[65] As in early 1879 the military rule was terminated and civic rights restored in Gipuzkoa,[66] Altarriba – already admitted to a meeting of leading Carlists – spoke in favor of taking part in the elections.[67] The claimant allowed only individual unofficial contenders and authorized Sangarrén.[68] Fielding his candidature in the Azpeitia district,[69] Altarriba was considered one of the 4 "transigentes" running;[70] he emerged as the only one victorious.[71] Elected,[72] he settled permanently in Madrid.[73] He attempted re-election in 1881[74] but lost both in Tolosa and Azpeitia.[75]

 
guerra periodistica

The 1880s are marked by growing rivalry within Carlism, divided between the immovilistas and the aperturistas. The former, led by Candido Nocedal, opted for intransigence. The latter, Altarriba included, dismissed either war[76] or total abstention, preferring conditional alignment with the new political system. The dispute grew into a full-scale conflict, waged also by means of guerra periodistica;[77] to fight the Nocedalista titles,[78] Sangarrén founded a Madrid satirical weekly, El Cabecilla.[79] During the 1884 election campaign Altarriba sought Carlos VII's exemption from "despotism" of Nocedal, who ordered abstention, but this time the claimant did not agree[80] and Sangarrén loyally[81] withdrew from the race 3 weeks prior to election date.[82] Two years later, already a recognized Carlist leader,[83] he obtained the permission[84] and was re-elected from Azpeitia.[85] Focused on by the press as a single Carlist in the Cortes,[86] when sworn Altarriba declared in the house that he considered Carlos VII the king of Spain.[87]

As the Nocedalista crisis entered its terminal phase, in 1887 Altarriba engaged in a related conflict with Francisco Cavero y Alvarez de Toledo, the jefe of Aragón,[88] with Carlos VII intervening and ordering truce;[89] some authors claim that Cavero was dismissed.[90] Though assaulted by the Nocedalista press for his defense of Manifesto de Morentin,[91] in the unfolding press war Altarriba defended the vacillating La Fe and did not side unconditionally with the claimant; Carlos VII's entourage counted him among "malos Carlistas".[92] Somewhat accidentally triggering the final breakup in Vascongadas,[93] at the decisive moment he stayed loyal to his king.

Personal political climax

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Altarriba in his 50s

Following secession of the Integristas Altarriba, the only party MP and one of its few aristocrats, found himself in the top strata of Carlism and became one if its most distinguished politicians.[94] His relations with other party leaders were uneasy, even after the departure of the allegedly hated Nocedal. The undisputed Traditionalist leader in Vascongadas[95] marqués de Valde-Espina,[96] the claimant's personal secretary conde de Melgar[97] and the aspiring political leader, marqués de Cerralbo[98] found it difficult to work with Sangarrén and did not spare him harsh words; in the intrigue-ridden world of Carlism of the late 19th century he was accused of envy towards legitimate party leaders[99] and turning Gipuzkoa into his personal fiefdom.[100] When in late 1888 he was appointed vice-president of the newly established Junta Directiva del Circulo Tradicionalista de Madrid,[101] he refused the post claiming – probably sarcastically – that he did not merit such an honor.[102]

 
marqués de Cerralbo

In 1889 Carlos VII started to build formal nationwide party structures, initially disguised as an organization to stage celebrations of Conversión de Recaredo centenary; within its Junta Central, soon turned into a permanent collegial executive,[103] Sangarrén was nominated to represent Castilla la Vieja.[104] Like 10 years earlier, he called for a new jefe which would impose the party discipline, though it is not clear whether he himself hoped for the job.[105] In the fall of that year, the liberal press speculated about a directorate leading the movement and mentioned him as one of its 4 members.[106] Altarriba's position was confirmed when he was invited to Frohsdorf for the wedding of Carlos VII's daughter.[107] Though in early 1890 El Cabecilla mocked marqués de Cerralbo,[108] when later that year the latter was finally appointed the new Jefe Delegado Sangarrén rushed with congratulations, directed to "mi querido amigo".[109]

Ahead of the 1891 elections for the first time during Restoration the Carlists decided to take part officially and set up a co-ordinating committee. Details of its work are not known; the outcome was that in Azpeitia, which turned into a prestigious battlefield against the rebellious Ramón Nocedal, Sangarrén had to give way to the aspiring Gipuzkoan leader, Tírso de Olazábal. Himself he ran in two districts, Aranda de Duero (Burgos) and Santo Domingo de la Calzada (Logroño),[110] losing in both.[111] Following this defeat, he did not renew his electoral bid in any of the successive electoral campaigns.[112]

Mid-Restauración

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Sangarrén residence, Gipuzkoa

Having lost the parliamentary ticket Sangarrén could dedicate more time to his private business, geographically scattered from Vascongadas across Castille and on to Andalusia. Apart from managing family estates in Gipuzkoa, he invested in the mining and metalworking industry.[113] He co-owned exploration rights to a copper mine in the Sierra de Guadarrama location of Colmenarejo, North of Madrid.[114] In 1893 he took control over the "La Fe" mineral springs in the nearby Moralzarzal,[115] renaming the site "Mudarra" and exploiting it until 1900, when he renounced the concession.[116] He held stakes in paper mill business in Pyrenaic parts of the Lérida province[117] and was vice-president of Derecha del Rio Genil, a Granada-based company engaged in irrigation works.[118]

As the Carlist fuerista principles envisaged that a politician should only represent the region where he lives,[119] within the party command structures Altarriba formally headed Castilla la Vieja.[120] Though due to his terrateniente status he exercised the largest influence in Gipuzkoa,[121] Vascongadas was first headed by Valde-Espina, then by Salvador Elío y Ezpeleta[122] and later by Tirso de Olazábal.[123] Altarriba's contribution to Gipuzkoan Carlism, however, remained crucial; local landowners were key to mobilising rural support[124] and maintaining – if not straightforwardly financing – provincial party structures.[125] Partially as a result of his contribution, in the 1880s and 1890s Gipuzkoa emerged as a Carlist stronghold; in provincial[126] and general[127] elections the party was striving for dominance.

 
Carlos VII

In the early 1890s fellow Traditionalists approached Altarriba cautiously as one of "fractious Carlists".[128] Some sources report him as championing a militant "de armas tomar" group, consisting mostly of the Navarros and the Gipuzkoanos.[129] Other episodes seem to counter this thesis indicating that he worked closely with the non-belligerent de Cerralbo,[130] together travelling across Spain during innovative political tours and delivering harangues,[131] also jointly with Carlist pundits like Vazquez de Mella;[132] residing in Madrid he customarily appeared in events staged in the capital.[133] As the colonial crisis of 1897 unfolded, he initially seemed leaning towards a bold action; he welcomed general Weyler, dismissed from Cuba, amongst the crowd shouting "Viva Cuba Española", but also a somewhat more ambiguous "a caballo mi general".[134] However, during the Spanish–American War Sangarrén was busy denouncing widely circulating rumors about another Carlist insurgency forthcoming as "a fable",[135] though it is not clear whether it was a pre-agreed propaganda smokescreen or a genuine effort. During La Octubrada, the series of minor Carlist revolts of October 1900,[136] he was in Paris,[137] which did not spare him detention by Guardia Civil the following month in Bilbao.[138] Also during persistent rumors of mid-1902[139] Altarriba spoke publicly against a Carlist military action.[140] The press reported him as an agreed Carlist candidate in the 1903 elections,[141] but he was not mentioned as running later on. None of the sources consulted mentions him politically active after that date; obituaries claimed he had been suffering from an unidentified longtime "enfermedad crónica";[142] his funeral was attended by the then Carlist political leader, Matías Barrio y Mier.[143]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Porfirio Sanz Camañes, Del Reino a la Corte. Oligarquías y élites de poder en las Cortes de Aragón a mediados del siglo XVII, [in:] Revista de Historia Moderna. Anales de la Universidad de Alicante 19 (2001), pp. 39, 43, 83, also Sangarrén, baronia de entry [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa online, available here Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Robres, Conde de entry at compactgen service, available here
  3. ^ Santiago Broto Aparicio, Nobleza altoaragonesa: Condes de Robres, [in:] Diario del Alto Aragón online, available here Archived 2014-03-26 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ she married Ramón’s paternal grandfather, José Jacobo Altarriba y Calasanz; José Ramón Urquijo Goitia, María Jesús Álvarez-Coca Gonzálvez, José Joaquín Colón y la rehabilitación de la monarquía absoluta, [in:] Revista de Historia Jerónimo Zurita 87 (2012), p. 176
  5. ^ Urquijo, Álvarez-Coca 2012, pp. 172-173; for detailed genealogical tree see genealogiacolombiana service available here and look for the "José Altarriba y Calasanz" box
  6. ^ Robres, Conde de entry at compactgen service
  7. ^ Francisco de Paula Oller, Album de Personajes Carlistas con sus Biografias, volume II, Barcelona 1888, p. 171, Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012, p. 180
  8. ^ see the Heirs of Europe service available here
  9. ^ see geneallnet service available here, entry nr 67
  10. ^ e.g. he was the co-founder, together with conde de Fuentes, Bienvenido Comín y Sarté and José Puente y Villabueva, of the Carlist La Esperanza daily, Julio V. Brioso y Mairal, Noticias carlistas en "El Diario de Huesca", [in:] Fernando Alvira Banzo (ed.), El Diario de Huesca. 125 años después, Huesca 2000, ISBN 8481271101, pp. 74-75
  11. ^ and a Carlist candidate to the Cortes from Sariñena in 1871, Brioso 2000, p. 74
  12. ^ María Cinta Caballer Vivies, Los alumnos de la Escuela Especial de Matemáticas del Real Seminario Científico Industrial de Vergara, [in:] Revista de la Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas 32 (2009), p. 260
  13. ^ only 22% of the alumni were from Vascongadas; 55% originated from the rest of Spain and 23% from abroad, including America, Caballer 2009, p. 282
  14. ^ Caballer 2009, p. 260
  15. ^ Caballer 2009, p. 228; it is not clear what development path Ramón’s parents envisaged; the school, apart from training commercial merchants, was a stepping stone towards military career (usually in artillery) or provided general training enabling its student to run family estates, Caballer 2009, p. 260
  16. ^ see Altarriba and conde de Altarriba entries at compactgen service, available here
  17. ^ see Villa Alegre entry at compactgen service, available here; some sources spell her family name as "Guirioz", see Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francesco Feo Parrondo, Propiedad rustica en Guipuzcoa segun el registro de la propiedad expropiable (1933), [in:] Lurralde. Investigación y espacio 18 (1995), pp. 113-135, available here, or „Guerior", see Miguel Caballero Pérez, Pilar Góngora Ayala, Historia de una familia: la verdad sobre el asesinato de García Lorca, Madrid 2007, ISBN 8495803593, 9788495803597, p. 149
  18. ^ Luciano Porcel Valdivia, marqués de Villa Alegra y de San Millán, native of Beasáin, represented Gipuzkoa in the Senate in 1871, Caballero 2007, p. 149
  19. ^ Villa Alegre entry at compactgen
  20. ^ their descandants were not entitled to the honor, Villa Alegre entry at compactgen
  21. ^ see Ramón de Altarriba y Villanueva entry at geneallnet service, available here
  22. ^ see Jaime Altarriba y Porcel entry at compactgen service, available here; at his baptism the padrinos were the future Carlist king Don Jaime and his sister doña Blanca, see La Unión 07.05.84, available here
  23. ^ see ABC 14.09.10, available here
  24. ^ he followed in the foosteps of his father, see Oller 1888, p. 173; see also Real Maestranza de Caballeria de Zaragoza website available here
  25. ^ see Askar, [in:] Zumaiako Industria-ondarearen Informazio Zentroa web bulletin 2012, available here
  26. ^ Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008, ISBN 9780521207294, 9780521086349, p. 207
  27. ^ according to a Basque source he died due to tuberculosis, see Askar; a different version presented in the Carlist publication, Félix G. Olmedo, En España empieza a amanecer: a la memoria de Jaime Altarriba Porcel, s/l 1936. In the same Zestoa spa the Republicans detained also a Carlist activist and a former MP, Joaquín Beunza, who was later taken to San Sebastián and executed, see Joaquín Beunza Redin entry [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here
  28. ^ Nicolas Estevanez, Mis memorias, Madrid 1975, ISBN 8472730883, pp. 49
  29. ^ Estevanez 1975, p. 8
  30. ^ Estevanez 1975, pp. 54-55
  31. ^ Estevanez 1975, p. 55
  32. ^ Ramón Altarriba y Villanueva entry [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here
  33. ^ Oller 1888, pp. 171–2; Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia claims he was promoted to capitán
  34. ^ Estevanez 1975, p. 69
  35. ^ compare "Y cuaitdo al castillo vuelven / mis caballos arrogantes, / les doy a comer diamantes / en morrales de tisú", or "Queridisimo rechoncho, / debes pedir una plancha / para quitar esa mancha / que te ha caído en el poncho", quoted after Estevanez 1975, p. 70.
  36. ^ Estevanez 1975, p. 69
  37. ^ his service in the Isabelline army was later called against him by some Carlists, see Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 180
  38. ^ Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
  39. ^ Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia; in 1871 his brother was a Carlist candidate to the Cortes from Sariñena, Brioso 2000, p. 74
  40. ^ Oller 1888, p. 172, Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
  41. ^ Oller 1888, p. 172
  42. ^ Oller 1888, p. 172
  43. ^ Oller 1888, p. 172
  44. ^ Oller 1888, p. 172
  45. ^ Oller 1888, p. 173
  46. ^ Ampelio Alonso de Cadenas y Lopez (ed.), Suplemento al Elenco de grandezas y títulos nobiliarios españoles: Títulos vacantes y títulos extranjeros cuyo uso fue autorizado en España. Appendice II, Madrid 1991, ISBN 8487204295, 9788487204296, p. 11
  47. ^ Oller 1888, p. 173
  48. ^ Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
  49. ^ Oller 1888, pp. 173-4
  50. ^ ABC 01.04.06, available here, Oller 1888, p. 174
  51. ^ Cadenas 1991, p. 11. Unlike many other aristocratic titles awarded by Carlist claimants, often recognised by Franco in the 1950s and functional until today, condado de Altarriba has never been confirmed. It is not clear whether any of Altarriba’s descendants claims the title currently
  52. ^ El Siglo Futuro 13.04.77, available here
  53. ^ at that time he was already reported by the press as marqués de Villalegre, see La Unión 12.09.78, available here
  54. ^ the estate did not make an impressive figure by national Spanish standards; as late as in 1919 duque de Peñaranda possessed 51,000 ha, Antonio Manuel Moral Roncal, Aristocracia y poder económico en la España del siglo XX, [in:] Vegueta 7 (2003), p. 157; in the sole Cordoba district there were around 30 landholders with estates exceeding 1,000 ha, see here, p. 80-81 [surface area is listed in fanegas (fgs), a fanega differed from province to province, though one scholar suggests an average of 1 fg = 1,044 ha for the nearby Almeria province, see here, p. 88]
  55. ^ most of the holdings, some 400 ha, was in the district of Azpeitia, see Moreno, Parrondo 1995
  56. ^ Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876-1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN 978-84-323-0510-8, p. 28
  57. ^ Brioso 2000, p. 74, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 98
  58. ^ Caballero, Góngora 2007, pp. 149-150
  59. ^ see José María de Altarriba y Villanueva entry at geneallnet service, available here
  60. ^ but not condado de Robres
  61. ^ see La Unión 12.09.78, available here, La Epoca 19.11.78, available here
  62. ^ he deemed it necessary that "se modifique la tactica de hacerle hacer el muerto [al partido], porque el simil y la realidad solo se separan ya en esto por un atomo impalable", quoted after Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 1-2
  63. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 7
  64. ^ Altarriba was not nominated its member, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 2
  65. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 8
  66. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 41
  67. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 6
  68. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 59, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 15, 41
  69. ^ most of Altarriba’s estates were in Azpeitia district
  70. ^ some Carlists, firmly opposed to new laws scrapping most of the fuerista establishments and called "intransigentes", ran on the Union Vasconavarra platform, though with no success
  71. ^ the defeated ones were Olano Altuna, Pedro de Egańa (Gipuzkoa) and Domingo Martinez de Aragón (Alava), Real Cuesta 1985, p. 42. Altarriba became the only Carlist deputy in the chamber and the first Carlist MP of the Restoration era.
  72. ^ see official Cortes service available here
  73. ^ initially he was listed as living at calle San Leonardo (university quarter), see Anuario del Comercio 1881, p. 425, available here, than at calle Alarcon (Jeronimos quarter), see Anuario del Comercio 1894, p. 563, available here, and finally at Pza Independencia, see Anuario del Comercio 1905, p. 68, available here
  74. ^ issuing a manifesto mocked by the liberal press as "mas expresivo y pintoresco en su clase", Altarriba himself dubbed as "Don Quijote" see El Globo 09.08.81, available here, full text in La Iberia 06.08.81, available here; according to one source this manifesto caused official investigation and Altarriba narrowly avoided trial, Oller 1888, p. 174
  75. ^ La Discussion 22.08.81, available here, also El Globo 22.08.81, available here
  76. ^ despite crushing defeat in 1876, in the 1880s the Carlists still maintained some military potential; it was estimated that within 3 days they were able to mobilise 4,000–6,000 people, and skeleton battalion structures were still maintained with commanders, officers and NCOs appointed, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 83–84
  77. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 24, see El Cabecilla 09.03.84, available here
  78. ^ principally El Siglo Futuro, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 28
  79. ^ issued in 1882-1890 and directed by Gonzalez Granada, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 98
  80. ^ Revista Contemporanea 3–4 1884, p. 360, available here
  81. ^ in 1886 Altarriba confessed that he accepted the tyranny of Candido Nocedal only because the latter was appointed by the king, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 81
  82. ^ as usual he intended to run in Azpeitia, see El Liberal 09.03.84, available here
  83. ^ in 1886 he took part in unveiling of the Cegama monument to Zumalacarregui, financed mostly by public subscription, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 94
  84. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 97-8
  85. ^ see official Cortes service, available here
  86. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 98
  87. ^ Oller 1888, pp. 174-177; though fiercely anti-democratic, Altarriba was member of a parliamentary anti-slavery group, see La Ilustriación Católica 25.04.89, available here
  88. ^ Cavery tried to rebuke Donostia gatherings organized by Altarriba, see La Ilustración Española y Americana 08.09.1887, available here, and disenfranchised Círculo Aragonés, inspired by Sangarrén and considered his frondist outpost in Aragon
  89. ^ the claimant called Cavero to his Venice residence and ordered end of public polemics, though Cavero kept rising in the Carlist structures later on, see Ignacio Martínez de Pisón, Carreteras secundarias, Zaragoza 2012, ISBN 8415538685, 9788415538684, p. IX, also Cavero y Álvarez de Toledo, Francisco entry [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa online, available here Archived 2016-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ and present the Altarriba – Cavero conflict in a slightly different way, see Jordi Canal i Morell, Carlins i integristes a la Restaurado: Tescissió de 1888, [in:] Revista de Girona 147 (1991), p. 63
  91. ^ Canal 1991, p. 63
  92. ^ Canal 1991, p. 66
  93. ^ during one of his Cortes addresses Altarriba compared some governmental measures to "la Inquisición con todos sus tormentos". The pro-Integrist Biscay periodical El Vasco jumped on this phrase, denouncing Altarriba as anti-Catholic and anti-Traditionalist. The Vascongadas Carlist leader, marqués de Valde-Espina, ordered El Vasco to backtrack, but the Biscay provincial jefe, José de Accilona, took an independent stand, which resulted in provincial schism taking place in 1887, followed by the Gipuzkoan one in 1888, Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 93–97
  94. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 103
  95. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, p. 68–69
  96. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 118
  97. ^ fractious Carlists, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 230
  98. ^ see Altarriba mocking Cerralbo, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 118
  99. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 117
  100. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 118
  101. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 118
  102. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 118, 180, also El Siglo Futuro 19.12.88, available here
  103. ^ Vascongadas were represented by Valde-Espina, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 146, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 134
  104. ^ Agustín Fernández Escudero, El XVII Marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922). Iglesia y carlismo, distintas formas de ver el XIII Centenario de la Unidad Católica, [in:] Studium: Revista de humanidades 18 (2012) [referred to further on as "Fernández Escudero 2012 (2)"], p. 131, Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 145–46
  105. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 115
  106. ^ along de Cerralbo, Cavero and Menendez de Luarca, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 172
  107. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 173
  108. ^ causing irritation of Carlos VII, annoyed with what he considered „dirty tricks" of El Cabecilla, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 180
  109. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 180
  110. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 237–38
  111. ^ For Logroño see La Unión Católica 02.02.91, available here, for Aranda see El Imparcial 03.02.91, available here
  112. ^ Altarriba is not listed among candidates running after 1891 either by historical studies or by contemporary press, though no source consulted explicitly states that Sangarrén did not run after that date
  113. ^ Ideas y negocios. Carlistas en Moralzarzal, [in:] Historias de Moral (y Zarzal) 01.05.12, available here
  114. ^ the pit was named "Pilar" after his wife, Ideas y negocios 2012
  115. ^ the previous owner was also a Carlist, Ramón Manrique de Lara, Ideas y negocios 2012
  116. ^ Ideas y negocios 2012
  117. ^ Madrid cientifico 418 (1903), p. 14, available here
  118. ^ La Ilustracion Española y Americana 22.10.79, available here
  119. ^ Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 242-3
  120. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 285
  121. ^ Altarriba's prestigious standing in the province was reflected in his role in a number of initiatives, like opening of the Zumarraga-Zumaya railway line, known as "ferrocaril del Urola", see spanishrailway.com site
  122. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 285–86
  123. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 443
  124. ^ for a sample how Sangarrén instructed "his" renters to vote see Real Cuesta 1985, p. 251
  125. ^ though according to the fuerista outlook electoral work was to be entrusted to locals, in fact there were many exceptions, with some juntas were simply appointing nominees for different roles, triggering complaints; also Sangerrén used to complain to Valde-Espina, though in general Gipuzkoa adhered to the fuersita principles much closer than the neighboring Biscay, see Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 242–43
  126. ^ the number of Traditionalist (mainstream Carlism and Integrism combined) v. Liberal members elected to Diputación Provincial was: 1882 8:8; 1884 10:6; 1886 11:5; 1888 9:11; 1890 9:11; 1892 11:9; 1894 11:9; 1898 9:11, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 167
  127. ^ the number of Traditionalist (mainstream Carlism and Integrism combined) v. Liberal members elected to the Cortes from Gipzukoa was: 1891 2:3; 1895 3:2; 1896 3:2; 1899 3:2, Real Cuesta 1985, p. 168
  128. ^ "Carlistas discolos", Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 230
  129. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 115
  130. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 192, 199
  131. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 223, Jordi Canal i Morell, Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia política del carlismo, 1876–1939, Madrid 2006, ISBN 8496467341, 978849646734 , pp. 151-156
  132. ^ like it was the case in 1893, see Cristobal Robles Muñoz, La Santa Sede y la oposición carlista a la restauración durante los episcopados de José Oliver y Antonio Ruiz-Cabal (1875-1899), [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), p. 421
  133. ^ e.g. during the first Fiesta de los Mártires de la Tradición, see Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 293 or during other events, see Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 313
  134. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 338
  135. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 387. The government was alarmed by Guardia Civil discovering large Carlist depots of rifles and by increased traffic of Carlist envoys to Carlos VII’s residence in Venice, reported by the Spanish diplomatic service, see Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 387
  136. ^ on 28-30 of October 1900 a series of minor and very minor Carlist attempts to seize power locally was recorded in Badalona, Casteldefells, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Igualada, Sardañola, Alcoy, Berga, Calella, Mantesa and Moncada, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 387
  137. ^ present day scholar interprets the presence of Carlist leaders in Paris as a demonstration, aimed at the Madrid government and intending to prove that they were not involved in any conspiration, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 389
  138. ^ Ideas y negocios 2012, also El Dia 09.11.00, available here
  139. ^ contemporary scholar suggests they were caused by speculators willing to affect the Madrid stock-exchange quotations, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 409
  140. ^ Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 411; though some newspapers were hysterical about another Carlist war behind the corner, the other titles considered Carlism already "a cadaver", see La Epoca 20.06.02, available here
  141. ^ La Correspondencia militar 30.01.03, available here
  142. ^ ABC 01.04.06, available here
  143. ^ El Globo 03.04.06, available here

Further reading

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  • Jordi Canal i Morell, Carlins i integristes a la Restauració: l’escissió de 1888, [in:] Revista de Girona 147 (1991), pp. 59–68
  • Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012
  • Francisco de Paula Oller, Album de Personajes Carlistas con sus Biografias, volume II, Barcelona 1888
  • Javier Real Cuesta, El Carlismo Vasco 1876–1900, Madrid 1985, ISBN 8432305103, 978843230510
  • Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francesco Feo Parrondo, Propiedad rustica en Guipuzcoa segun el registro de la propiedad expropiable (1933), [in:] Lurralde. Investigación y espacio 18 (1995), pp. 113–135
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