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Red imported fire ants in the United States

The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), or simply RIFA, is one of over 280 species in the widespread genus Solenopsis. It is native to South America but it has become both a pest and a health hazard in the southern United States as well as a number of other countries.

Red imported fire ants

Introduction

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In the 1930s, colonies were accidentally introduced into the United States through the seaport of Mobile, Alabama. Despite earlier views that cargo ships from Brazil docking at Mobile unloaded goods infested with the ants,[1] recent DNA research confirmed that the likely source population for all invasive S. invicta in the United States occurred at or near Formosa, Argentina, and virtually every analysis ruled out all sampled Brazilian populations as a potential source.[2] Biologist E.O. Wilson says that he reported the first colony, in the Mobile area, when he was 13.[3] The ants then spread from Alabama to almost every state of the American South, from Texas to Maryland and a few other Mid-Atlantic states. Since the 1990s infestations have been reported in New Mexico and parts of Arizona in the Southwest. They have also been reported in California in the West, but probably arrived via ship or truck rather than by spreading.[4] In a similar way, the ants were accidentally introduced into Australia in 2001.[5]

Spread

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In the United States, RIFAs have gradually spread north and west despite intense efforts to stop or eliminate them. As of 2011 in the United States they were found in most of the southern states: Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. Likely due to absence of South American competitors - and lower numbers of native competitors - S. invicta dominates more extrafloral nectaries and hemipteran honeydew sources in the southern U.S. than in its home range, probably contributing to its higher population densities in its invasive range.[6] The U.S. Department of Agriculture also lists the entire island of Puerto Rico as infested.[7]

RIFAs were still on the move in the U.S. in the early 21st century, often traveling from one area to another in turf, root balls of nursery plants, and other agricultural products. They could be controlled, but not eradicated. A number of products are available, which can be used on a mound-by-mound basis to destroy ant colonies when they appear. With all such efforts, it is important to reach and kill the queens, which may be as far as six feet (2 m) underground; otherwise, some queens may simply move a short distance away and quickly re-establish the colony. However, during the past few years, even this technique resulted in failure to control colony growth. Scientists then discovered that an adaptation in RIFAs had resulted in many populations having multiple queens in mounds over a large area.[4]

In areas where Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ants) founded colonies, larger colonies of Tetramorium caespitum (pavement ants) have destroyed them, leading entomologists to conclude that this conflict between the two species would decelerate the northward spread of Solenopsis invicta.[8][9]

Economic impact

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The RIFA's introduction to the United States was in the late 1930s. Traveling in soil used as ballast on cargo ships,[10] they came in through the seaport of Mobile, Alabama. They build mounds, usually no larger than 46 cm (18 in) in diameter and 46 cm (18 in) in height, although in Alabama some mounds have been reported to be over 60 cm (24 in) high and larger, especially in fields where cattle graze. They build on soil close to homes and other buildings, and sometimes forage indoors for food and moisture. They are a nuisance, and can threaten sleeping or bedridden individuals and pets. Occasionally, they feed on vegetable plants in home gardens. The worst damage usually occurs during hot, dry weather, when they invade flower beds while seeking warmth and moisture. If disturbed, fire ants bite and sting the intruder.

They are apparently attracted to electrical equipment, and crawl into air conditioning units and the electrical wiring of stop lights, shorting them out. This is the leading cause of traffic light shorts in Texas, where the ants cause more than US$140 million in damage each year[citation needed]. Several ant species, including fire ants, have been shown to contain ferromagnetic nanoparticles that may contribute information about the geomagnetic field for orientation during foraging or migration.[11] However, it has not been found that electric or magnetic fields attract the ants.[12] Rather, when wandering ants cause electrical shorts, they attempt to sting the wire and produce powerful semiochemicals, including defensive and recruitment pheromones.[13] The chemical signals draw additional ants to the short. The only effective protection is to bar ants from the equipment physically or with insecticides.

The FDA estimates more than US$5 billion is spent annually on medical treatment, damage, and control in RIFA-infested areas. Further, the ants cause approximately US$750 million in damage to agricultural assets, including veterinary bills and livestock loss, as well as crop loss.[14] It has been proposed that modern insecticides are not effective in large-scale control of fire ants; therefore, a number of new strategies are proposed.[15] These include the use of entomopathogenic fungi [16][17] and even specific viruses.[18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren". United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Archived from the original on 2010-10-16.
  2. ^ Caldera EJ, Ross KG, DeHeer CJ, Shoemaker DD (2008). "Putative native source of the invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta in the USA". Biological Invasions. 10 (8): 1457–1479. Bibcode:2008BiInv..10.1457C. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9219-0. S2CID 4471306.
  3. ^ Lecture, E.O. Wilson, Trinity University, 25 Oct 2010.
  4. ^ a b "Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren". UF/IFAS Featured Creatures.
  5. ^ McCubbin K, Weiner J (2002). "Fire ants in Australia: a new medical and ecological hazard". Medical Journal of Australia. 176 (11): 518–519. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04547.x. PMID 12064981. S2CID 43444266.
  6. ^ Wilder, Shawn M.; Holway, David A.; Suarez, Andrew V.; LeBrun, Edward G.; Eubanks, Micky D. (2011-12-20). "Intercontinental differences in resource use reveal the importance of mutualisms in fire ant invasions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (51). National Academy of Sciences: 20639–20644. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820639W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1115263108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3251143. PMID 22143788.
  7. ^ USDA Quarantine Map Archived 2012-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Tyler Vitone; Andrea Lucky (September 2014). "Pavement ant - Tetramorium caespitum". University of Florida. Retrieved 4 April 2016. Although Tetramorium caespitum is an introduced species, it may be beneficial in some scenarios. One example would be the potential for this ant to keep out more damaging ant invaders. In laboratory experiments, workers from colonies of Tetramorium caespitum destroyed recently founded colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (King and Phillips 1992). Such conflict in nature may help impede the northern expansion of fire ants.
  9. ^ "Destruction of young colonies of the red imported fire ant by the pavement ant". Entomological News. 103 (3): 72–77. 1992. ISSN 0013-872X. The interactions between a colony of Tetramorium caespitum and subcolonies of Solenopsis invicta introduced within 20 cm of the mature T. caespitum nest were studied in the laboratory. The subcolonies of S. invicta were destroyed by workers of T. caespitum. The ranges of these species are contiguous in North Carolina and it is predicted that if S. invicta moves northward, interactions between them may intensify.
  10. ^ Wilcove, David S; David S. Wilcove; David Rothstein; Jason Dubow; Ali Phillips; Elizabeth Losos (August 1998). "Quantifying Threats to Imperiled Species in the United States". BioScience. 48 (8): 607–615. doi:10.2307/1313420. JSTOR 1313420.
  11. ^ Acosta-Avalos D, Wajnberg E, Oliveira PS, Leal II, Farina M, Esquivel DM (1999). "Isolation of magnetic nano particles from Pachycondyla marginata ants" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 202 (19): 2687–2692. doi:10.1242/jeb.202.19.2687. PMID 10482727.
  12. ^ Elsberry, Richard (September 1997). "Fatal electrical attraction: Invasion of the insects from Hell". Electrical Apparatus.
  13. ^ Vander Meerl RK, Slovak TJ, Thorvilson HG. "Semiochemicals Released by Electrically-Shocked Red Imported Fire Ants" (PDF). The Texas Imported Fire Ant Research & Management Plan - Project Highlights for 1998 and Community-Wide Imported Fire Ant Management Projects at Mt. Pleasant, San Antonio, Austin, Houston and Dallas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-20.
  14. ^ McDonald, Maggie (February 2006). "Reds Under Your Feet (interview with Robert Vander Meer)". New Scientist. 189 (2538): 50.
  15. ^ deShazo, Richard D.; Williams, David F. (2004-07-01). "Biological control of fire ants: an update on new techniques". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 93 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61442-1. ISSN 1081-1206. PMID 15281467.
  16. ^ Angelone, Steven; Bidochka, Michael J. (2018-07-01). "Diversity and abundance of entomopathogenic fungi at ant colonies". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 156: 73–76. Bibcode:2018JInvP.156...73A. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2018.07.009. ISSN 0022-2011. PMID 30017951. S2CID 51677575.
  17. ^ Qiu, Hua-Long; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Qin, Chang-Sheng; Zhao, Dan-Yang; Yang, Hua; Xu, Jin-Zhu (2019-07-01). "Microcapsuled entomopathogenic fungus against fire ants, Solenopsis invicta". Biological Control. 134: 141–149. Bibcode:2019BiolC.134..141Q. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.03.018. ISSN 1049-9644. S2CID 132021733.
  18. ^ Yang, Chin-Cheng Scotty; Shoemaker, DeWayne; Chiu, Ming-Chung; Hsu, Hung-Wei (2018-09-10). "Viral infections in fire ants lead to reduced foraging activity and dietary changes". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13498. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813498H. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31969-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6131164. PMID 30202033.
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