Wikipedia

Reform of the date of Easter

Reform of the date of Easter refers to proposals to change the date for the annual celebration of Easter. These proposals include setting a fixed date or agreeing between Eastern and Western Christendom a common basis for calculating the date of Easter so that all Christians celebrate the Festival on the same day. As of 2024, no such agreement has been reached.

The term may also refer to historic reforms of the Computus, such as the adoption of the epact tables by Dionysius Exiguus in the 6th century and by Bede in the 8th century.

Description

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A reform of the date of Easter has been proposed several times because the current system for determining the date of Easter is seen as presenting two significant problems:

  1. Its date varies from year to year. It can fall on up to 35 days in March and April of the respective calendar. While many Christians do not consider this to be a problem, it can cause frequent difficulties of co-ordination with civil calendars, for example academic terms. Many countries have public holidays around Easter weekend or tied to the date of Easter but spread from February to June, such as Shrove Tuesday or Ascension and Pentecost.
  2. Many Eastern churches calculate the date of Easter using the Julian calendar, whereas some Eastern churches use the Revised Julian calendar and all Western churches and civil authorities have adopted the Gregorian reforms for all calendrical purposes. Hence in most years, Easter is celebrated on a later date in the East than in the West.

There have been controversies about the "correct" date of Easter since antiquity, but most Christian churches today agree on certain points. The Roman Catholic Church explains:[1]

The Council of Nicaea in 325 determined, among other things, that the Church would no longer follow the Jewish calendar and that Easter was to be celebrated on a common day throughout the world. (…) The council did not say what that day was to be but at the time Easter was celebrated on a Sunday virtually everywhere.

To justify his calendar reform, which involved removing ten days, in 1582 Pope Gregory XIII claimed that the Council had decreed that Easter should be celebrated:

  • on a Sunday,
  • after the nominal Northward equinox – that is the start of spring in the Northern and of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, fixed on 21 March in the Gregorian calendar –,
  • after the first ecclesiastical full moon of the astronomical season.

There is less agreement whether Easter also should occur:

The disagreements have been particularly about the determination of moon phases and the equinox, some preferring astronomical observation from a certain location (usually Jerusalem, Alexandria, Rome or local), most others following nominal approximations of these in either the Hebrew, Julian or Gregorian calendar using different lookup tables and cycles in their algorithms. Deviations may also result from different customs for the start of the day, i.e. dusk, sunset, midnight, dawn or sunrise. Furthermore, it may be accepted to have the respective starts of the astronomical season, the full moon and the Sunday occur on the same date as long as they are observed in that order.

Fixed date

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It has been proposed that the first problem could be resolved by making Easter occur on a date fixed relative to the western Gregorian calendar every year, or alternatively on a Sunday within a fixed range of seven or eight dates. While tying Easter to one fixed date would serve to underline the belief that it commemorates an actual historical event, without an accompanying calendar reform that changes the pattern of the days of the week (itself a subject of religious controversy) or adopted a leap week, it would also break the tradition of Easter always being on a Sunday, established since the 2nd century and by now deeply embedded in the liturgical practice and theological understanding of almost all Christian denominations.

The Second Vatican Council agreed in 1963 to accept a fixed Sunday in the Gregorian calendar as the date for Easter as long as other Christian churches agreed on it as well. They also agreed in principle to adopt a civil calendar reform as long as there were never any days outside the cycle of seven days per week.[2] In 1977, some Eastern Orthodox representatives objected to separating the date of Easter from lunar phases.[3]

The Montanists, a 5th-century sect, celebrated Easter on the Sunday following April 6 (in the Julian calendar).[4] This is equivalent to the Sunday closest to April 9. The April 6 date was apparently arrived at because it was equivalent to the 14th of the month of Artemisios in an earlier calendar used in the area, hence, the 14th of the first month of spring.[5]

The two most widespread proposals for fixing the date of Easter would set it on either the second Sunday in April (8 to 14, week 14 or 15), or the Sunday after the second Saturday in April (9 to 15). They only differ in years with dominical letter G or AG where 1 April is a Sunday. In both schemes, account has been taken of the fact that—in spite of the many difficulties in establishing the dates of the historical events involved—many scholars attribute a high degree of probability to Friday 7 April 30, as the date of the crucifixion of Jesus, which would make 9 April the date of the Resurrection. Another date which is supported by many scholars is 3 April 33,[6][7] making 5 April the date of the Resurrection.

In the late 1920s and 1930s, this idea gained some momentum along with other calendar reform proposals, such as the International Fixed Calendar (IFC) and the World Calendar. In 1928, a law was passed in the United Kingdom authorising an Order in Council which would fix the date of Easter in that country as the Sunday after the second Saturday in April.[8] However, this was never implemented, but remains a popular proposal at least within the Anglican Church.[9][10] In an 2001 article for the WCC, Dagmar Heller, who was the only woman to participate in the 1997 Aleppo conference, states that Western churches previously preferred a "third option", i.e. a fixed Sunday in April, but tried to accomodate Eastern churches by giving this up.[11]

The Sunday of an ordinal ISO week n is also the nth Sunday of the year, except in A/AG, B/BA and C/CB years where it is the n+1st Sunday. Therefore, both major proposals put Easter on the 15th Sunday of the year. The exception to this is either in common years starting on Monday (G), where 8 April, i.e. the second Sunday in April, is the 14th Sunday of the year, or in leap years starting on Sunday (AG), where 15 April, i.e. the Sunday after the second Saturday in April, is the 16th Sunday of the year. That means, the Saturday-based rule approximates the 15th Sunday better.

The Sunday after the first Wednesday in April would always be in ISO week W14, except for leap years starting on Thursday (DC) where the week count is one higher than in otherwise equivalent common years after February. The Symmetry454 Calendar proposes a fixed date of Easter in week 14, which would agree with the aforementioned proposals in most years, but would be 1 week earlier in F/GF years (like the only deviation of the Pepuzite definition) and also in DC, D/ED and E/FE years.

The first possible Gregorian date for Easter, 22 March, is also one of the dates with (almost) fixed ISO week number, i.e. W12, which is usually also the week of the equinox a day or two earlier. If the 52 weeks of a usual year are grouped into 13 nominal lunation phases of 4 weeks each (similar to IFC), then the equinox week concludes the third of these months and the next nominal full moon in the middle of the month would occur on Sunday of W14, making it the fixed date for Passover. Easter Sunday would follow seven days later, in W15, which is between 11 and 18 April.

Since Candlemas, which traditionally concludes Christmastide, on 2 February is almost always in W05 – only in W06 if on a Monday – a W15 Easter would ensure the three pre-Lenten Sundays, i.e. Septuagesima, Sexagesima and Quinquagesima, existed in all years, and not more than these.

Weeks for currently possible dates of Easter Sunday; proposed and special dates highlighted
Sunday of the year Dominical letter ISO week Month
AG A BA B CB C DC D ED E FE F GF G
12th — 22 23 24 25 W12 March
13th 25 26 27 28
28 29 30 31 01 W13
14th 01 02 03 04 April
04 05 06 07 08 W14
15th 08 09 10 11
11 12 13 14 15 W15
16th 15 16 17 18
18 19 20 21 22 W16
17th 22 23 24 25
— 25 — W17
  major proposals around 15th Sunday
  deviations of the 2 major proposals
  week-based proposals
  clashes with other holidays, to be avoided

Unified date

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Proposals to resolve the second problem have made greater progress, but they are yet to be adopted.

Table of (Gregorian) dates of Easter 2001–2025[12]
Year Full Moon Jewish Passover [note 1] Astronomical Easter [note 2] Gregorian Easter Julian Easter

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  1. ^ Jewish Passover is on Nisan 15 of its calendar. It commences at sunset preceding the date indicated (as does Easter by some traditions).
  2. ^ Astronomical Easter is the first Sunday after the astronomical full moon after the astronomical March equinox as measured at the meridian of Jerusalem according to this WCC proposal.

1923 proposal

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An astronomical rule for Easter was proposed by the 1923 Pan-Orthodox Congress of Constantinople that also proposed the Revised Julian calendar: Easter was to be the Sunday after the midnight-to-midnight day at the meridian of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (35° 13′ 47.2″ E or UT + 2h 20m 55s for the small dome) during which the first full moon after the vernal equinox occurs.[13][14]

Although the instant of the full moon must occur after the instant of the vernal equinox, it may occur on the same day. If the full moon occurs on a Sunday, Easter is the following Sunday. This proposed astronomical rule was rejected by all Orthodox churches and was never considered by any Western church.

1997 proposal

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Main article: Aleppo Easter dating method

The World Council of Churches (WCC) proposed a reform of the method of determining the date of Easter at a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997:[15] Easter would be defined as the first Sunday following the first astronomical full moon following the astronomical vernal equinox, as determined from the meridian of Jerusalem.[16] The reform would have been implemented starting in 2001, since in that year the Eastern and Western dates of Easter would coincide.

This reform has not been implemented. It would have relied mainly on the co-operation of the Eastern Orthodox Church, since the date of Easter would change for them immediately; whereas for the Western churches, the new system would not differ from that currently in use until 2019. However, Eastern Orthodox support was not forthcoming, and the reform failed.[17] The much greater impact that this reform would have had on the Eastern churches in comparison with those of the West led some Orthodox to suspect that the WCC's decision was an attempt by the West to impose its viewpoint unilaterally on the rest of the world under the guise of ecumenism. However, it could also be argued that it is fair to ask a significant change of Eastern Christians, as they would be simply making the same substantial changes the various Western Churches have already made in 1582 (when the Catholic Church first adopted the Gregorian calendar) and subsequent years so as to bring the calendar and Easter more in line with the seasons.

2008–2009 proposals

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In 2008 and 2009, there was a new attempt to reach a consensus on a unified date on the part of Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant leaders.[18][19] This effort largely relies on earlier work carried out during the 1997 Aleppo conference.[3][20] It was organized by academics working at the Institute of Ecumenical Studies of Lviv University.[21]

Part of this attempt was reportedly influenced by ecumenical efforts in Syria and Lebanon, where the Greek-Melkite Church has played an important role in improving ties with the Orthodox.[22][23] There is also a series of apparition phenomena known as Our Lady of Soufanieh that has urged for a common date of Easter.[24]

2014+ proposals

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In May 2015, on the anniversary of the meeting between himself and Pope Francis, Coptic Pope Tawadros II wrote a letter to Pope Francis asking for him to consider making renewed effort at a unified date for Easter.[25]

In response, on 12 June 2015, Catholic Pope Francis remarked to the International Catholic Charismatic Renewal Services 3rd World Retreat of Priests at the Basilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome that "we have to come to an agreement" for a common date on Easter. Lucetta Scaraffia [it], a historian, writing in the Vatican daily newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, said the Pope is offering this initiative to change the date of Easter "as a gift of unity with the other Christian churches" adding that a common date for Easter would encourage "reconciliation between the Christian churches and ... a sort of making sense out of the calendar". A week later Aphrem II, the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, met with Pope Francis and noted that the celebration of Easter "on two different dates is a source of great discomfort and weakens the common witness of the church in the world."[26]

In January 2016, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, announced that he on behalf of the Anglican Communion had joined discussions with Catholic, Coptic, and Orthodox representatives over a fixed date for Easter, and that he hoped it would happen within the next 5–10 years.[27] Welby has suggested that Easter be fixed on either the second or third Sunday of April, relative to the Gregorian calendar.[28] This proposal remains to be approved, especially by Eastern churches, which currently determine Easter using the Julian calendar.

More recent statements by the Vatican and Orthodox churches[29] state the goal to achieve consensus by 2025, just in time for the 1700th anniversary of the Council of Nicaea, but without publishing any specific plans or who would adopt which changes. The Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches has arranged conferences to mark the event.

On November 10, 2022, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Bartholomew I stated that both the Orthodox and Catholic sides have a good intention to finally establish a common date for the celebration of Easter - Christ's Resurrection before the celebration of the 1700th anniversary of the First Council of Nicaea which took place in 325, however, it is too early to talk about details.[30] On 2024 he again called on "Western and Eastern Christians to celebrate Easter on the same date, starting from 2025".[31]

According to international standards, Easter Sunday ends the week containing Good Friday and the week of the second Sunday in April has the ordinal number 14 or 15 (dominical letters D/DC, E/ED, F/FE and GF, i.e. 46.25% of years), hence the third Sunday is one respective week later. There currently is no public proposal under discussion that used a fixed week of the year for Easter and dependent feasts. The second Sunday in April is usually the 15th Sunday of the year (except for dominical letter G, 10.75%), which is almost always also the Sunday after the second Saturday in April (except for dominical letter AG, 3.75%).

Table of (Gregorian) dates of Easter 2024–2040[32]
Year Full Moon Jewish Passover Astronomical Easter Gregorian Easter Julian Easter

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Flader, John (9 March 2016). "Why don't Catholics and Orthodox celebrate Easter on same date?". Catholic Weekly. Sydney. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  2. ^ Pope Paul VI, ed. (4 December 1963), "Appendix", Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium
  3. ^ a b "Ukrainian Catholic University Organizes Seminar on Easter Date".
  4. ^ Sozomen (1846). Ecclesiastical History: A History of the Church : in Nine Books, from A.D. 324 to A.D. 440 : a New Translation from the Greek, with a Memoir of the Author. Bagster. p. 353.
  5. ^ Talley, Thomas J (2003). "Afterthoughts on The Origins of the Liturgical Year". In Sean Gallagher; et al. (eds.). Western Plainchant in the First Millennium: Studies in the Medieval Liturgy and Its Music. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 1–10. ISBN 9780754603894.
  6. ^ Schaefer, B. E. (1990). "Lunar Visibility and the Crucifixion". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 31 (1): 53–67. Bibcode:1990QJRAS..31...53S.
  7. ^
  8. ^ Richards, Edward Graham (1998). Mapping Time: The Calendar and Its History. Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-19-286205-1.
  9. ^ "Archbishop Justin Welby hopes for fixed Easter date". BBC. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  10. ^ Wyatt, Caroline (25 March 2016). "Why can't the date of Easter be fixed?". BBC. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  11. ^ Heller, Dagmar (9 April 2001). "Celebrating Easter Together". World Council of Churches, Commission on Faith and Order. Retrieved 3 December 2024. the Western churches took a step towards the Orthodox side by agreeing to keep the ancient rule, while in earlier discussions they had tended to propose a third way (…) by suggesting to fix the date of Easter on a specific Sunday in April.
  12. ^ "Towards a Common Date for Easter". Aleppo, Syria: World Council of Churches (WCC) / Middle East Council of Churches Consultation (MECC). 10 March 1997.
  13. ^ Milankovitch, M. (1923). "Das Ende des julianischen Kalenders und der neue Kalender der orientalischen Kirchen". Astronomische Nachrichten (in German). 220 (23): 379–384. Bibcode:1924AN....220..379M. doi:10.1002/asna.19232202303. ISSN 0004-6337.
  14. ^ Shields, Miriam Nancy (1924). "The new calendar of the eastern churches". Popular Astronomy. 32: 407. Bibcode:1924PA.....32..407S. This is a translation of Milankovitch, 1923
  15. ^ "Towards a Common Date of Easter - World Council of Churches/Middle East Council of Churches Consultation Aleppo, Syria, March 5–10, 1997". World Council of Churches. 10 March 1997. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  16. ^ "World Council of Churches Press Release: THE DATE OF EASTER: SCIENCE OFFERS SOLUTION TO ANCIENT RELIGIOUS PROBLEM". 24 March 1997. Archived from the original on 2012-06-26.
  17. ^ Luke Luhl (1997). "The Proposal for a Common Date to Celebrate Pascha and Easter". Orthodox Christian Information Center.
  18. ^ Sandri, Luigi (6 December 2008). "New attempt to achieve a common date for Easter". Ekklesia. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  19. ^ "Hope for a common date for Easter affirmed again". Ekklesia. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  20. ^ Aaron J. Leichman (1 June 2009). "Ecumenical Christians Look Forward to Shared Easter Dates". Christianpost.com. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  21. ^ "Hopes rise for East-West common Easter". CathNews. 29 May 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  22. ^ "1982 petition for a unified Easter date".
  23. ^ "Christians eye common date for Easter". Spero News. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  24. ^ "Petition for a Common date of Easter".
  25. ^ "Will Pope Francis change the date of Easter?". Catholic News Agency. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  26. ^ Ieraci, Laura (June 19, 2015). "Pope, Orthodox patriarch express commitment for unity". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  27. ^ "Archbishop Justin Welby hopes for fixed Easter date". BBC News. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 2016-01-16.
  28. ^ Bingham, John; Jamieson, Sophie (16 January 2016). "Easter date to be fixed 'within next 5 to 10 years'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2016-01-24. He said that Easter should most likely be fixed for the second or third Sunday of April
  29. ^ Catholic News Agency (CNA), 2021-03-12: Vatican cardinal supports common Easter date for Catholics, Orthodox
  30. ^ "Catholic, Orthodox Christians mull common date for celebrating Easter - Bartholomew". www.ukrinform.net. 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
  31. ^ "Ecumenical Patriarch considers agreement on 2025 Easter date possible". english.katholisch.de (in German). Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  32. ^ "Towards a Common Date for Easter". Aleppo, Syria: World Council of Churches (WCC) / Middle East Council of Churches Consultation (MECC). 10 March 1997.
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