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Royal Army Medical Corps

(Redirected from Regimental Medical Officer)

The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) was a specialist corps in the British Army which provided medical services to all Army personnel and their families, in war and in peace.

Royal Army Medical Corps
Cap badge since the coronation of HM King Charles III
Active1898 – 15 November 2024
Country United Kingdom
Branch British Army
TypeMedical arm of the British Army
RoleMedical support
Part ofArmy Medical Services
Garrison/HQStaff College, Camberley, traditionally Keogh Barracks
Nickname(s)The Med Corps
PatronSaint Luke
Motto(s)In Arduis Fidelis
(Faithful in Adversity)[1]
ColorsDull cherry, royal blue, old gold
MarchQuick: Here's a Health unto His Majesty (arr. A.J. Thornburrow)
Slow: Her Bright Smile Haunts Me Still (J Campbell arr. Brown)
AnniversariesCorps Day (23 June)
Commanders
Colonel-in-ChiefPrince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Colonel CommandantBrigadier Christopher Parker
Insignia
Tactical recognition flash

On 15 November 2024, the corps was amalgamated with the Royal Army Dental Corps and Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps to form the Royal Army Medical Service.

History

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Origins

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Medical services in the British armed services date from the formation of the Standing Regular Army after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Prior to this, from as early as the 13th century there are records of surgeons and physicians being appointed by the English army to attend in times of war;[2] but this was the first time a career was provided for a Medical Officer (MO), both in peacetime and in war.[3] For much of the next two hundred years, army medical provision was mostly arranged on a regimental basis, with each battalion arranging its own hospital facilities and medical supplies. An element of oversight was provided by the appointment of three officials: a Surgeon-general, a Physician-general and an Apothecary-general.[4]

Army Medical Board

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In 1793 an Army Medical Board was formed (consisting of the Surgeon-general, Physician-general and Inspector of Regimental Infirmaries),[4] which promoted a more centralised approach drawing on concurrent civilian healthcare practices.[5] The Board set up five General (as opposed to regimental) Military Hospitals: four in the naval ports of Chatham, Deal, Plymouth and Gosport (Portsmouth), and one (known as York Hospital) in Chelsea. These hospitals received large numbers of sick and injured soldiers from the French Revolutionary Wars (so much so that by 1799 additional General Military Hospitals were set up in Yarmouth, Harwich and Colchester Barracks);[6] the Board, however, was criticised, for both high expenditure and poor management. By the end of the century the Board had been disestablished, and most of the General Hospitals were closed or repurposed not long afterwards.[7] By 1807 the only General Hospitals in operation were York Hospital (which was close to the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, where invalided soldiers were routinely sent for pension assessment) and the hospital at Parkhurst (which was attached to the army's Invalid Depôt on the Isle of Wight, where soldiers invalided home from service overseas were initially sent).[8]

Army Medical Department

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In 1810 the offices of Surgeon-general and Physician-general were abolished and a new Army Medical Department was established, overseen by a board chaired by a Director-General of the Medical Department.[4] James McGrigor served in this role from 1815 to 1851:[5] McGrigor, who has been called the Father of Army Medicine,[9] had served as principal medical officer under the Duke of Wellington during the Peninsular War. During that time he had introduced significant changes in the organisation of the army's medical services, placing them on a far more formal footing:[10] together with George Guthrie, he instituted the use of dedicated ambulance wagons to transport the wounded, and set up a series of temporary hospitals (formed of prefabricated huts brought over from Britain) to aid the evacuation of wounded soldiers from the front line.[2]

After the end of the Peninsular War Fort Pitt in Chatham became the de facto headquarters of the Army Medical Department[11] (the Invalid Depôt having relocated to Chatham from the Isle of Wight). A General Military Hospital was established on the site, which took on many of the functions (and most of the patients) of the old York Hospital.[12] The influence of the Director-General grew, and from 1833 he was given sole charge of the department. That same year the (hitherto separate) Irish Medical Board was merged into the department, as was the Ordnance Medical Department twenty years later.[4]

The Crimean War, however, would lay bare the inadequacies of the Army Medical Department (and many others). In 1854 there were only 163 surgeons on the Department's books; the Army had just two ambulance wagons, both of which were left behind in Bulgaria, and it relied for stretcher bearers on the Hospital Conveyance Corps (which was made up of pensioners and others deemed too infirm to fight). Two base hospitals were set up in Scutari, more than 300 miles from the front. Within weeks of arriving, more than half the British force had been incapacitated by disease (mainly typhus, dysentery and cholera); and in the space of seven months some 10,000 British servicemen out of a total of 28,000 had died.[2]

The Department after Crimea

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In June 1855 a Medical Staff Corps was established (in place of the Hospital Conveyance Corps, which had by then been merged into the Land Transport Corps). It was formed of nine companies, overseen by a single officer, and had its headquarters at Fort Pitt. The Medical Staff Corps was set up to provide orderlies and stretcher bearers (later it was renamed the Army Hospital Corps, but reverted to its original title in 1884). The officers known as purveyors, who were responsible for medical provisioning, were formed into a separate Purveyors' Department by a Royal Warrant of 1861;[13] nine years later it was merged into the Control Department, and later became part of the Army Service Corps.[14] In 1857, in response to the Crimean debacle, a Royal Commission had been appointed for the improvement of sanitary conditions in Army barracks and hospitals; it recommended (among other things) the establishment of an Army Medical School, which was set up in 1860 at Fort Pitt Hospital before moving in 1863 to the new Royal Victoria Military Hospital at Netley outside Southampton.[15]

Netley functioned as a general hospital, but much of the army's medical work continued to be carried out at a regimental level. At the time a regiment of 1,044 men would have a medical staff of one surgeon and two assistants (with an additional assistant being appointed if the regiment was stationed abroad, so as to allow the senior assistant to remain at home with the companies appointed to the depot).[14]

The regimental basis of appointment for MOs continued until 1873, when a coordinated army medical service was set up. To join, a doctor needed to be qualified, single, and aged at least 21, and then undergo a further examination in physiology, surgery, medicine, zoology, botany and physical geography including meteorology, and also to satisfy various other requirements (including having dissected the whole body at least once and having attended 12 midwifery cases); the results were published in three classes by the Army Medical School.[16] In 1884 the medical officers of the Army Medical Department were brought together with the quartermasters who provided their supplies to form the Army Medical Staff, which was given command of the Medical Staff Corps (which consisted entirely of other ranks).[2]

Nevertheless, there was much unhappiness in the Army Medical Service in the following years as medical officers did not have military rank but "advantages corresponding to relative military rank" (such as choice of quarters, rates of lodging money, servants, fuel and light, allowances on account of injuries received in action, and pensions and allowances to widows and families). They had inferior pay in India, excessive amounts of Indian and colonial service (being required to serve in India six years at a stretch), and less recognition in honours and awards. They did not have their own identity as did the Army Service Corps, whose officers did have military rank. A number of complaints were published, and the British Medical Journal campaigned loudly. For over two years from 27 July 1887 there were no recruits to the Army Medical Department. A parliamentary committee reported in 1890, highlighting the doctors' injustices. There was no response from the Secretary of State for War. The British Medical Association, the Royal College of Physicians and others redoubled their protests.[17] Eventually, by authority of a royal warrant dated 25 June 1898, officers and soldiers providing medical services were incorporated into a new body known by its present name, the Royal Army Medical Corps; its first Colonel-in-Chief was Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught.[18]

The Corps in the 20th century

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The RAMC Memorial for the Boer War at Aldershot in Hampshire
 
Beret and cap badge used by the RAMC until its amalgamation in November 2024.

The RAMC began to develop during the Boer War of 1899–1902. The Corps itself lost 743 officers and 6130 soldiers in the war. However, far more of them, and thousands more of the sick and wounded whom they treated, would have died if it had not been for the civilian doctors working in South Africa as volunteers—such as Sir Frederick Treves, Sir George Makins, Sir Howard Henry Tooth and Professor Alexander Ogston—who, having seen how unprepared to deal with epidemics the RAMC and the Army itself were, decided that a radical reform was needed. Chief among them was Alfred Fripp, who had been chosen by the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital Committee to order all the necessary materials and medical personnel, and oversee the setting-up of a private hospital at Deelfontein to cater, initially, for 520 'sick and wounded.' The contrast between the smooth working of the IYH at Deelfontein with the chaos of the RAMC hospitals, where an enteric epidemic had overwhelmed the staff, led to questions in Parliament, mainly by William Burdett-Coutts. In July 1901 the first meeting of the Committee of Reform took place, with all the aforementioned civilian experts, plus Sir Edwin Cooper Perry, making up half the number; the rest were Army men, and included Alfred Keogh, whom the new Secretary of State for War, St John Brodrick, later Earl of Midleton, appointed Chairman of this committee and the subsequent Advisory Committee. Neither would have met so soon—if at all—but for Fripp's concern to limit unnecessary suffering, and for his ten years' friendship with the new King, Edward VII. Fripp showed him his plans for reform and the King made sure that they were not shelved by his government. Part of his plan was to move the Netley Hospital and Medical School to a Thames-side site at Millbank, London. Cooper Perry, Fripp's colleague from Guy's Hospital, was instrumental in making this happen, as well as using his formidable talents as an organizer in other services for the Reform Committee. Fripp and Cooper Perry were knighted for their services to the RAMC Committee of Reform in 1903.[19]

During the First World War, the corps reached its apogee both in size and experience. The two people in charge of the RAMC in the Great War were Arthur Sloggett,[20] the senior RAMC officer seconded to the IYH in Deelfontein who acquiesced in all Fripp's surprising innovations, and Alfred Keogh, whom Fripp recommended to Brodrick as an RAMC man well-regarded when Registrar of No.3 General Hospital in Cape Town.[21] Its main base was for long the Queen Alexandra Military Hospital at Millbank, London (now closed).[22] It set up a network of military general hospitals around the United Kingdom[23] and established clinics and hospitals in countries where there were British troops. Major-General Sir William Macpherson of the RAMC wrote the official Medical History of the War (HMSO 1922).[24]

 
Army surgeons carry out an operation during the Second World War

Before the Second World War, RAMC recruits were required to be at least 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m) tall, and could enlist up to 30 years of age. They initially enlisted for seven years with the colours, and a further five years with the reserve, or three years and nine years. They trained for six months at the RAMC Depot, Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Church Crookham, before proceeding to specialist trade training.[25] The RAMC Depot moved from Church Crookham to Keogh Barracks in Mytchett in 1964.[26]

Amalgamation

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The Secretary of State for Defence John Healey announced on 15 October 2024, that it would amalgamate with the Royal Army Dental Corps and Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps to form one unified corps, the Royal Army Medical Service, on 15 November 2024.[27]

RAMC General Hospitals in the First World War

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RAMC First World War memorial in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh

The corps established a network of home-country military hospitals for military casualties during the First World War. The hospitals were managed by Territorial Force personnel and were headquartered as follows:[23]

London Command

Eastern Command

Northern Command

Western Command

Southern Command

Scottish Command

Facilities

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The military medical services are now a tri-service body, with the hospital facilities of Army, Royal Air Force and Royal Navy combined. The main hospital facility is now the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, a joint military-National Health Service centre. The majority of injured service personnel were treated in Selly Oak Hospital in Birmingham prior to the new Queen Elizabeth Hospital's opening. There was press coverage critical of the standard of care during the surge of UK military commitments in the years following the second invasion of Iraq,[51] but it was later reported that the care provided to injured troops had significantly improved.[52][53]

Queen Alexandra Hospital in Portsmouth, Derriford Hospital in Plymouth, James Cook University Hospital in Middlesbrough and Frimley Park Hospital (near Aldershot Garrison) also have military hospital units attached to them but they do not treat operational casualties.[54]

Sub-units at amalgamation

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Insignia

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The RAMC had its own distinctive insignia:

  • Dark blue beret, the default Army colour worn by units without distinctive coloured berets.[55] The exceptions were members of 16 Medical Regiment, who wore the maroon beret, 225 Scottish General Support Medical Regiment (previously Field Ambulance) and members of 205 (Scottish) Field Hospital, who wore the traditional Scottish Tam o' Shanter headdress with Corps badge on tartan backing, and medical personnel attached to field units with distinctive coloured berets, who usually wore the beret of that unit (e.g. maroon for The Parachute Regiment and sky blue for the Army Air Corps). There was also a small attachment to Special Forces, the Medical Support Unit (MSU), who wore the sandy beret of the SAS.[55]
  • Cap badge depicting the Rod of Asclepius, surmounted by a crown, enclosed within a laurel wreath, with the regimental motto In Arduis Fidelis ("Faithful in Adversity")[1] in a scroll beneath. The cap badge was worn 1 inch above the left eye on the beret. The cap badge of soldiers beneath the rank of Warrant Officer 1 must have also been backed by an oval patch of dull cherry-red coloured cloth measuring 3.81 cm (1.5 inches) wide and 6.35 cm (2.5 inches) high sewn directly to the beret.[55]

Colonels-in-Chief

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Colonels-in-Chief have been:[18]

Order of precedence

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Preceded by Order of Precedence Succeeded by

Officer ranks

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Before 1873 1873–1879[56][57] 1879–1891 1891–1898[58] From 1898[59]
Inspector-General of Hospitals Surgeon-General Surgeon-General Surgeon-Major-General Surgeon-General
Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals Deputy Surgeon-General Deputy Surgeon-General Surgeon-Colonel Colonel
Brigade Surgeon Brigade Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel
Surgeon-Major Surgeon-Major Surgeon-Major Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel
Surgeon Surgeon-Major Major
Assistant Surgeon Surgeon Surgeon Surgeon-Captain Captain
Surgeon-Lieutenant Lieutenant

Gallantry awards

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Since the Victoria Cross was instituted in 1856 there have been 27 Victoria Crosses and two bars awarded to army medical personnel.[60] A bar, indicating a subsequent award of a second Victoria Cross, has only ever been awarded three times, two of them to medical officers. Twenty-three of these Victoria Crosses are on display in the Army Medical Services Museum. The corps also has one recipient of both the Victoria Cross and the Iron Cross. One officer was awarded the George Cross in the Second World War. A young member of the corps, Private Michelle Norris, became the first woman to be awarded the Military Cross following her actions in Iraq on 11 June 2006.[61]

One VC is in existence that is not counted in any official records. In 1856, Queen Victoria laid a Victoria Cross beneath the foundation stone of the Royal Victoria Military Hospital, Netley.[62] When the hospital was demolished in 1966, the VC, known as "The Netley VC", was retrieved and is now on display in the Army Medical Services Museum.[62]

Name Award Awarded while serving with Medal held by
Harold Ackroyd VC Royal Army Medical Corps att'd The Royal Berkshire Regiment Lord Ashcroft Collection
William Allen VC Royal Army Medical Corps att'd Royal Field Artillery Army Medical Services Museum
William Babtie VC Royal Army Medical Corps AMS Museum
William Bradshaw VC 90th Regiment (The Cameronians) AMS Museum
Noel Chavasse VC
and Bar		 Royal Army Medical Corps att'd The King's (Liverpool Regiment)
Bar: same		 Imperial War Museum
Thomas Crean VC 1st Imperial Light Horse (Natal) AMS Museum
Henry Douglas VC Royal Army Medical Corps AMS Museum
Joseph Farmer VC Army Hospital Corps AMS Museum
John Fox-Russell VC Royal Army Medical Corps att'd The Royal Welch Fusiliers AMS Museum
John Green VC Royal Army Medical Corps att'd The Sherwood Foresters AMS Museum
Thomas Hale VC 7th Regiment (The Royal Fusiliers) AMS Museum
Henry Harden VC Royal Army Medical Corps att'd 45 Royal Marine Commando AMS Museum
Edmund Hartley VC Cape Mounted Riflemen, SA Forces AMS Museum
Anthony Home VC 90th Perthshire Light Infantry AMS Museum
Edgar Inkson VC Royal Army Medical Corps att'd Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers AMS Museum
Joseph Jee VC 78th Regiment (The Seaforth Highlanders) AMS Museum
Ferdinand Le Quesne VC Medical staff Corps Jersey Museum
Owen Lloyd VC Army Medical Department AMS Museum
George Maling VC Royal Army Medical Corps att'd The Rifle Brigade AMS Museum
William Manley VC
Iron Cross		 Royal Regiment of Artillery
Awarded Iron Cross 1870		 Private Collection
Arthur Martin-Leake VC
and Bar		 VC: South African Constabulary
Bar: Royal Army Medical Corps		 AMS Museum
Valentine Munbee McMaster VC Royal Army Medical Corps
Winning his VC during the relief of Lucknow, while serving with the 78th Highlanders		 National War Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh
James Mouat VC 6th Dragoons (Inniskilling) AMS Museum
William Nickerson VC Royal Army Medical Corps Privately held
Harry Ranken VC Royal Army Medical Corps att'd King's Royal Rifle Corps AMS Museum
James Reynolds VC Army Medical Department AMS Museum
John Sinton VC Indian Medical Service AMS Museum
William Sylvester VC 23rd Regiment (The Royal Welch Fusiliers) AMS Museum

Trades and careers in the 21st century

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RAMC officer careers:

RAMC soldier trades:

Military abbreviations applicable to the Medical Corps

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Within the military, Medical officers could occupy a number of roles that were dependent on experience, rank and location. Within military documentation, numerous abbreviations were used to identify these roles, of which the following are among the most common.[63]

ADMS Assistant Director Medical Services
CMT Combat Medical Technician (an army medic). Not necessarily a paramedic. There were some (mostly special forces) CMTs who are paramedic-trained, but the term 'paramedic' is protected in law and can only be used by those who are fully qualified and state-registered with the HCPC.
DADMS Deputy Assistant Director of Medical Services
DCA Defence Consultant Advisor (the lead clinician for each specialty)
DDGMS Deputy Director General Medical Services
DDMS Deputy Director Medical Services
DG Director General (Medical Services)
DGAMS Director General Army Medical Services
DGMS Director General Medical Services
DMS Director Medical Services
EMO Embarkation Medical Officer
GDMO General Duties Medical Officer (a junior army doctor attached to a field unit before commencing higher specialist training)
MCD Military Clinical Director (a senior army Consultant)
MSO Medical Support Officer (non-clinical administrative support role)
MO Medical Officer
OMO Orderly Medical Officer
PMO Principal Medical Officer
RMO Regimental Medical Officer (normally an army General Practitioner with additional training in Pre-Hospital Emergency Care and Occupational Medicine)
SMO Senior Medical Officer (normally a senior army General Practitioner)

Journal

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Since 1903, the corps had published an academic journal titled the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps (JRAMC). Its stated aim was to "publish high quality research, reviews and case reports, as well as other invited articles, which pertain to the practice of military medicine in its broadest sense".[64] Submissions were accepted from serving members of all ranks, as well as academics from outside the military. Initially a monthly publication, in 2015 it was being published quarterly by BMJ on behalf of the RAMC Association.[64][65]

Museum

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The Museum of Military Medicine is based at Keogh Barracks in Mytchett in Surrey.[66]

Band

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From 1898 to 1984, the RAMC maintained a staff band in its ranks. The earliest record of music in the RAMC was in the 1880s when a Corporal of the Medical Staff Corps was sent to Kneller Hall to be trained as a bugler. It was founded officially in 1898, with official permission for the band being given by the Duke of Connaught, first Colonel-in Chief of the RAMC. In 1902, the band had reached a stature to where it could take part in the Coronation Procession of King Edward VII. On 1 January 1939, the RAMC Band was taken over by the Army Council and was officially recognised as a state sponsored band. In 1962, Derek Waterhouse became the first official drum major to be appointed to the band. It was disbanded in 1984, being one of the first to go in the as a result of the restructuring of the Army. It is today retained in the Army Medical Services Band.[67]

Notable personnel

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Pine, L G (1983). A Dictionary of mottoes (1 ed.). London: Routledge & K. Paul. p. 106. ISBN 0-7100-9339-X.
  2. ^ a b c d McCallum, Jack E. (2008). Military Medicine from Ancient Times to the 21st century. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 274–277.
  3. ^ "Royal Army Medical Corps". British Military History. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d "Records of Army medical services". The National Archives. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Hospitals of the World: VI - Military and Naval Hospitals" (PDF). The Hospital: 157. 9 December 1893. S2CID 43961098. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  6. ^ Keate, Thomas (1808). Observations on the fifth report of the Commissioners of military enquiry. pp. 47–48.
  7. ^ Report of the Commissioners of Military Enquiry. 1806. p. 192.
  8. ^ Dupin, Charles (1822). View of the History and Actual State of the Military Force of Great Britain (volume I). London: John Murray. pp. 357–359.
  9. ^ Howard, M. R. (July 2001). "Review: Sir James McGrigor: The Scalpel and the Sword The Autobiography of the Father of Army Medicine". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 94 (7): 367–368. doi:10.1177/014107680109400723. PMC 1281615.
  10. ^ "History of the Royal Army Medical Corps". The Museum of Military Medicine. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  11. ^ Hobbes, R. G. (1895). Reminiscences of Seventy Years' Life, Travel and Adventure (vol. II). London: Elliot Stock. p. 197.
  12. ^ Longmore, Thomas (9 May 1863). "Introductory Lecture". The Lancet: 513–515.
  13. ^ "Purveyors of the Army". Colburn's United Service Magazine: 267. February 1861.
  14. ^ a b Burdett, Sir Henry C. (1893). Hospitals and Asylums of the World - volume III. London: J. & A. Churchill. p. 723.
  15. ^ London and Provincial Medical Directory, 1860, John Churchill, London; on the AMS see Hampshire and QARANC both accessed 29 November 2010
  16. ^ A E W Miles, The Accidental Birth of Military Medicine, Civic Books, London, 2009 ISBN 978-1-904104-95-7, page 14
  17. ^ Commissioned Officers of the Army Medical Service, W Johnston, Aberdeen UP 1917
  18. ^ a b "Royal Army Medical Corps". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  19. ^ "Fripp, Sir Alfred Downing (1865–1930)". Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online. Royal College of Surgeons of England. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  20. ^ "Sloggett, Sir Arthur Thomas (1857–1929)". Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online. Royal College of Surgeons of England. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  21. ^ "Keogh, Sir Alfred Henry (1857–1936)". Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online. Royal College of Surgeons of England. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  22. ^ "Queen Alexandra's Military Hospital". Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  23. ^ a b "RAMC Units". RAMC. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  24. ^ Macpherson, Sir William (1922). Medical services, surgery of the war. History of the great war based on official documents. HMSO.
  25. ^ War Office, His Majesty's Army, 1938
  26. ^ "ASU Building, QE Barracks, Church Crookham" (PDF). Oxford Archaeology. p. 3. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  27. ^ "The Royal Army Medical Service created to ensure British Army healthcare is fit for the future". The British Army. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  28. ^ "First London General Hospital". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  29. ^ "Second London General Hospital". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  30. ^ "Third London General Hospital". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  31. ^ "King's College Hospital". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  32. ^ "Fifth London General Hospital". Lost Hospitals of London. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  33. ^ "From the Front to the Backs: Story of the First Eastern Hospital". University of Cambridge. July 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  34. ^ "World War I". QNI Heritage. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  35. ^ "Newcastle's War Hospitals". Heaton History Group. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  36. ^ "2nd Northern General Hospital, Beckett's Park, Training College". Leodis. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  37. ^ "Our History". Sheffield Hallam University. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  38. ^ "Lincoln School in the First World War". Western Front Association. Retrieved 21 July 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  39. ^ "Leicester Asylum". County Asylums. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  40. ^ "History of Fazakerley Hospital". Fazakerley History. 20 January 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  41. ^ "Second Western General Hospital". Archives Hub. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  42. ^ "Casualties of War: Hospitals and Welfare facilities" (PDF). The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. 1 March 2017. p. 88. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  43. ^ "Our Impact" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  44. ^ "Bristol Royal Infirmary". Historic Hospitals. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  45. ^ "Military Hospitals". Oxford History. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  46. ^ "World War I". QNI Heritage. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  47. ^ "Territorial Hospitals" (PDF). British Journal of Nursing. 5 December 1914. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  48. ^ "Harlaw Academy". Aberdeenshire Council. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  49. ^ "Second Scottish General Hospital Craigleith". Archives Hub. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  50. ^ a b "Records of Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland". Archives Hub. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  51. ^ Muir, Hugh (12 March 2007). "Storm over injured troops' care fails to save military hospital". The Guardian. p. 8. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  52. ^ "House of Commons Defence Committee Report on the Medical Care of the Armed Forces". 5 February 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  53. ^ Evans, Michael (7 March 2009). "Chain of care: from front line to Selly Oak Hospital". The Times. Retrieved 21 March 2009.[dead link‍]
  54. ^ "Ministry of Defence | MicroSite | DMS | Our Teams | Royal Air Force Medical Services (RAFMS)". Mod.uk. 20 February 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  55. ^ a b c "'Crap Hats', Berets and Peak Caps" (PDF). Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  56. ^ The Army List, for May, 1876. (Google books). (London): War Office. 29 April 1876. p. 876.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  57. ^ Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence for British & Foreign India, China, & All Parts of the East. (Google books). William H. Allen. 13 May 1876. p. 482.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  58. ^ "No. 26196". The London Gazette. 28 August 1891. p. 4615.
  59. ^ "No. 26988". The London Gazette. 19 July 1898. p. 4355.
  60. ^ "The Royal Army Medical Corps". VictoriaCross.org. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
  61. ^ Glendinning, Lee (22 March 2007). "Historic award for female private". The Guardian. p. 8. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
  62. ^ a b "Netley Hospital information". QARANC – Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
  63. ^ "Abbreviations Used in Original Documents". Scarlettfinders: British Military Nurses. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  64. ^ a b "About Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps". The BMJ. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  65. ^ "Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps: Archive of All Online Issues (July 1903 – Present)". The BMJ. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  66. ^ "Museum of Military Medicine". ARCHON Directory. UK: The National Archives. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  67. ^ "History of The Royal Army Medical Corps Staff Band". ramcstaffband.co.uk.

Further reading

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  • Blair, J.S.G. Centenary History of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1898–1998. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1998.
  • Brereton, F.S. The Great War and the RAMC. London: Constable, 1919.
  • Leneman, Leah. "Medical Women at War, 1914–1918." Medical History (1994) 38#2 pp: 160–177. online
  • Lovegrove, P. Not Least in the Crusade. A Short History of the RAMC. Gale and Polden, 1955.
  • Miles, A. E. W. The Accidental Birth of Military Medicine: The Origins of the Royal Army Medical Corps, Civic Books, 2009

Primary sources

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  • Oram, A.R. An Army Doctor's Story: Memoirs of Brigadier A.R. Oram 1891–1966, published in paperback and on Kindle 2013
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