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Results of the 2004 Australian federal election (House of Representatives)

(Redirected from Results of the Australian federal election, 2004)

The 2004 Australian federal election was held on Saturday 9 October 2004 and it was the Howard government's opportunity to secure its fourth term of government. The Government consisting of the conservative coalition Liberal Party and National Party headed by John Howard and John Anderson respectively were opposed by Mark Latham and the Labor Party.

House of Representatives elections, 2004
Australia
← 2001 9 October 2004 (2004-10-09) 2007 →
All 150 seats in the Australian House of Representatives
76 seats needed for a majority
Turnout94.3%
Party Leader Vote % Seats +/–
Liberal John Howard 40.5% 74 +6
Labor Mark Latham 37.6% 60 −5
National John Anderson 5.9% 12 −1
Country Liberal Terry Mills 0.3% 1 0
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Prime Minister before Prime Minister after
John Howard John Howard
Coalition		 John Howard
Coalition		John Howard

The Howard government would be returned for its fourth term, seeing major gains nationwide. It was able to increase its majority by 10 seats, from 14 to 24, and a secured an increased margin in seats it already held.[1] The Coalition finished the election with 87 seats, to Labor's 60. The remaining seats were held by independents.

The election post-mortem would reveal that there had been a large miscalculation by the Australian Labor Party, pollsters, and media alike. What was predicted to be a close election, possibly even a Labor win by many, resulted in a win for the Coalition and a decline in the primary vote for the Labor Party.[2]

The following table shows results for the Australian House of Representatives at the 2004 federal election, Coalition 87, Australian Labor Party 60, with three independents.

Lead up to the election

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In 2001, John Howard's Coalition government narrowly beat the Labor Party in what was deemed by many as an "unwinnable" election for the government. Issues of national security such as the September 11 terrorist attacks and the Tampa refugee crisis, allowed the government to turn its political fortunes around and secure a gain of two seats in the House of Representatives.[3] The years following 2001 saw Australia controversially engage in the Iraq War as a member of the ‘Coalition of the Willing’ along with the United States and United Kingdom. This war was seen by many globally as a failure and it was predicted that the Howard government could be defeated due to the war's unpopularity. Another western democracy, Spain, had seen its pro-Iraq war government defeated in an election earlier that year and it was speculated that the Australian government might suffer the same fate.[4]

 
Leader of the opposition: Mark Latham

On the 29th of August 2004, the prime minister announced that a federal election would be held on October 9, 2004. This was an unusual time to announce an election, many thought the ongoing Athens Olympic Games gathering most of the public's attention. It was also an unusually long election campaign at 6 weeks. Many pundits predicted a tight race with Michelle Grattan stating on the day of the announcement that the campaign would be "an unpredictable and exciting election in which neither leader starts with a decisive break, either could take the prize, and absolutely anything could happen in between". However, the Government was campaigning from a strong position politically.[2]

Despite the poignancy of the Iraq War as an issue, issues surrounding the economy such as interest rates, the size of the deficit, taxation and unemployment dominated the political agenda during the election campaign. The sale of Telstra was also an influential topic. The Howard government had delivered several budget surpluses and Australian's were enjoying a period of strong economic growth and low unemployment.[2] The government afforded many tax breaks and concessions to middle-income earners, which despite not being revolutionary policy, bought them favour with large sections of the electorate. Add to this that the Labor Party had found itself in the political wilderness since 2001, spending much of its time between 2001 and 2004 under Simon Crean who suffered consistently poor polling, and the Howard government looked as though it had a strong grip on power. Labor eventually switched leaders in early 2004 to allow itself a better chance at the election. Crean resigned to allow Mark Latham to assume the position of leader in 2003 in a contested ballot against Kim Beazley.[5]

Redistributions in the Lower House

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Victoria

In 2002-03 there was a significant redistribution of two Victorian seats. The electorate of McMillan, a marginal Labor electorate was redistributed to become a nominally Liberal seat. The electorate of Gippsland, a seat seen as a fairly safe for the National Party was redistributed to become more marginal.[1]

South Australia

In 2003, the Australian Electoral Commission determined that South Australia would lose a seat and Queensland would gain a seat. It was decided that the electorate of Bonython would be absorbed into the electorate of Wakefield, drastically changing the demographics of this electorate in the process. It was unknown what the change would yield in terms of election results.[1]

Queensland

Queensland's rising population saw it become entitled to an additional seat. This new seat would come in the form of an Eastern Brisbane electorate, Bonner. Bonner was a nominally Liberal electorate that took territory from the electorate of Bowman, a Labor seat. This redistribution would see the seat become nominally Liberal.[1]

Australia

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House of Representatives (IRV) — Turnout 94.69% (CV) — Informal 5.18%  
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
    Liberal 4,741,458 40.47 +3.39 74   6
  National 690,275 5.89 +0.28 12   1
  Country Liberal 39,855 0.34 +0.02 1  
Liberal–National coalition 5,471,588 46.71 +3.79 87   5
  Labor 4,408,820 37.63 –0.21 60   5 [a]
  Greens 841,734 7.19 +2.23 0   [a]
  Family First 235,315 2.01 +2.01
  Democrats 144,832 1.24 –4.17
  One Nation 139,956 1.19 –3.15
  Christian Democrats 72,241 0.62 +0.02
  Citizens Electoral Council 42,349 0.36 +0.20
  Socialist Alliance 14,155 0.12 +0.12
  New Country 9,439 0.08 +0.08
  Liberals for Forests 8,165 0.07 –0.07
  No GST 7,802 0.07 –0.05
  Ex-Service, Service and Veterans 4,369 0.04 +0.04
  Progressive Labour 3,775 0.03 –0.01
  Outdoor Recreation 3,505 0.03 +0.03
  Save the ADI Site 3,490 0.03 –0.02
  Great Australians 2,824 0.02 +0.02
  Fishing Party 2,516 0.02 +0.01
  Lower Excise Fuel and Beer 2,007 0.02 –0.02
  Democratic Labor 1,372 0.01 +0.01
  Non-Custodial Parents 1,132 0.01 +0.00
  HEMP 787 0.01 –0.02
  Nuclear Disarmament 341 0.00 +0.00
  Aged and Disability Pensioners Party 285 0.00 +0.00
  Independents 292,036 2.49 –0.40 3 [b]  
Total 11,714,835     150
Two-party-preferred vote
  Coalition Win 52.74 +1.79 87   5
  Labor   47.26 –1.79 60   5
Invalid/blank votes 639,851 5.18 +0.36
Registered voters/turnout 13,098,461 94.32
Source: Commonwealth Election 2004


States

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New South Wales

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Main article: Results of the 2004 Australian federal election in New South Wales
2004 Australian federal election
(New South Wales)
 
← 2001 9 October 2004 2007 →
All 50 New South Wales seats in the Australian House of Representatives
and 6 seats in the Australian Senate
  First party Second party Third party
       
Leader John Howard Mark Latham None
Party Liberal/National coalition Labor Greens
Last election 28 seats 20 seats 0 seats
Seats before 28 19 1
Seats won 27 21 0
Seat change   1   2   1
Popular vote 1,745,181 1,412,418 311,369
Percentage 45.34% 36.70% 8.09%
Swing   2.55   0.25   3.34
TPP 51.93% 48.07%
TPP swing   0.27   0.27
Turnout 94.70% (CV) — Informal 6.12%[6]
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Liberal 1,391,511 36.16 +2.58 21  
  National 353,670 9.19 –0.03 6   1
Liberal–National coalition 1,745,181 45.34 +2.54 27   1
  Labor 1,412,418 36.70 +0.25 21   1 [a]
  Greens 311,369 8.09 3.34 0   [a]
  One Nation 53,881 1.40 -3.37
  Christian Democrats 47,132 1.22 0.00
  Democrats 41,072 1.07 -3.17
  Family First 29,621 0.77 0.77
  Citizens Electoral Council 11,500 0.30 0.15
  Liberals for Forests 8,165 0.21 0.21
  No GST 7,229 0.19 0.06
  Socialist Alliance 4,415 0.11 0.11
  Progressive Labour 3,775 0.10 -0.02
  Outdoor Recreation 3,505 0.09 0.09
  Save the ADI Site 3,490 0.09 -0.07
  Ex-Service, Service and Veterans 3,108 0.08 0.08
  New Country 2,824 0.07 0.07
  Fishing Party 2,516 0.07 0.05
  Lower Excise Fuel and Beer 2,007 0.05 -0.03
  Non-Custodial Parents 1,132 0.03 0.01
  Nuclear Disarmament 0,341 0.01 0.01
  Independents 154,013 4.00 -0.06 2  
Total 4,099,501 50
Two-party-preferred vote
  Liberal/National Coalition 1,998,699 51.93 +0.27 27   1
  Labor 1,849,995 48.07 –0.27 21   1
Invalid/blank votes 250,807 6.12 +0.25
Registered voters/turnout 4,329,115 94.70
Source: AEC Tally Room

Four seats changed hands in NSW during this election, with the Liberal Party experiencing a primary vote of 36.2%, one of its strongest tally's since the 1975 poll and at the expense of the Labor Party. The opposition lost ground in the outer suburbs of Sydney, areas which it once considered to be very strong for its vote. The Nationals' vote remained steady but the Greens' vote increased by 3.3%, the party's second best result in the state.[1]

Victoria

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Main article: Results of the 2004 Australian federal election in Victoria
2004 Australian federal election
(Victoria)
 
← 2001 9 October 2004 2007 →
All 37 Victoria seats in the Australian House of Representatives
and 6 seats in the Australian Senate
  First party Second party
     
Leader John Howard Mark Latham
Party Liberal/National coalition Labor
Last election 18 seats 19 seats
Seats won 18 seats 19 seats
Seat change    
Popular vote 1,407,615 1,217,921
Percentage 46.75% 40.45%
Swing   4.60   0.08
TPP 51.00% 49.00%
TPP swing   3.14   3.14
Turnout 94.84% (CV) — Informal 5.16%[7]
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Liberal 1,302,038 43.24 +4.17 16  
  National 105,557 3.51 +0.43 2  
Liberal–National coalition 1,302,038 46.75 +4.60 18  
  Labor 1,217,921 40.45 –1.20 19  
  Greens 224,423 7.45 +1.55
  Family First 71,735 2.38 +2.38
  Democrats 32,363 1.07 –5.18
  Citizens Electoral Council 14,010 0.47 +0.24
  One Nation 4,119 0.14 –1.14
  Socialist Alliance 3,694 0.12 0.12
  Democratic Labor 1,372 0.05 0.05
  No GST 573 0.02 -0.15
  Ex-Service, Service and Veterans 527 0.02 0.02
  Christian Democrats 459 0.02 -0.19
  Aged and Disability Pensioners Party 285 0.01 0.01
  Independents 32,073 1.07 -0.99
Total 3,139,881 37
Two-party-preferred vote
  Liberal/National Coalition 1,535,650 51.00 +3.14 18  
  Labor 1,475,519 49.00 –3.14 19  
Invalid/blank votes 128,712 4.10 +0.12
Registered voters/turnout 3,309,800 94.87
Source: AEC Tally Room

In Victoria, the poor result seen in other states for Labor wasn't reflected. Labor was able to achieve above 40% of the primary vote in this state, its poorest since 1990. The Liberal Party performed strongly in Victoria recording their best results in the state since the election of 1954 with 43.2% of the primary vote. The National's and Green vote held steady in the state, while the Australian Democrat vote fell sharply to 1.1%.[1]

Queensland

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Main article: Results of the 2004 Australian federal election in Queensland
2004 Australian federal election
(Queensland)
 
← 2001 9 October 2004 2007 →
All 28 Queensland seats in the Australian House of Representatives
and 6 seats in the Australian Senate
  First party Second party
     
Leader John Howard Mark Latham
Party Liberal/National coalition Labor
Last election 20 seats 7 seats
Seats won 21 seats 6 seats
Seat change   1   1
Popular vote 1,081,813 765,507
Percentage 49.15% 34.75%
Swing   3.56   0.08
TPP 57.09% 42.91%
TPP swing   2.23   2.23
Turnout 94.84% (CV) — Informal 5.16%[8]
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Liberal 867,289 39.41 + 2.95 17   1
  National 214,522 9.75 +0.61 4  
Liberal/National Coalition 1,081,811 49.15 +3.55 21   1
  Labor 765,507 34.78 +0.08 6   1
  Greens 111,314 5.06 +1.57
  Family First 80,820 3.67 +3.67
  One Nation 43,619 1.98 –5.09
  Democrats 30,255 1.37 –2.94
  Citizens Electoral Council 7,872 0.36 + 0.22
  New Country 3,990 0.18 +0.18
  Great Australians 2,824 0.13 +0.13
  Socialist Alliance 1,251 0.06 +0.06
  HEMP 787 0.04 –0.01
  Ex-Service, Service and Veterans 734 0.03 +0.03
  Independents 70,104 3.18 –1.45
Total 2,320,717 28
Two-party-preferred vote
  Liberal/National Coalition 1,256,533 57.09 +2.23 21   1
  Labor 944,355 42.91 –2.23 6   1
Invalid/blank votes 119,829 5.16 +0.33
Registered voters/turnout 2,475,611 93.74
Source: AEC Tally Room

The Labor Party returned poor polling in the state, especially considering it was enjoying strong results at a state level through to 2004. Indeed, Labor recorded some of its lowest primary vote numbers in this state since the party's foundation in this election, while the Liberal party recorded some of its strongest. Queensland was the poorest state electorally for the Greens, while One Nation also suffered a 5.1% reduction in their primary vote.[1]

Western Australia

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Main article: Results of the 2004 Australian federal election in Western Australia
2004 Australian federal election
(Western Australia)
 
← 2001 9 October 2004 2007 →
All 15 Western Australian seats in the Australian House of Representatives
and 6 seats in the Australian Senate
  First party Second party
     
Leader John Howard Mark Latham
Party Liberal/National coalition Labor
Last election 8 seats 7 seats
Seats won 10 seats 5 seats
Seat change   2   2
Popular vote 534,911 381,200
Percentage 48.76% 34.75%
Swing   6.35   2.39
TPP 55.40% 44.60%
TPP swing   3.78   3.78
Turnout 92.79% (CV) — Informal 5.32%[9]
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Liberal 528,016 48.13 + 6.74 10   2
  National 6,895 0.63 –0.39  
Liberal–National coalition 534,911 48.76 +6.35 10   2
  Labor 381,200 34.75 –2.39 5   2
  Greens 84,100 7.67 + 1.68
  One Nation 27,650 2.52 –3.75
  Christian Democratics 24,650 2.25 +1.07
  Democrats 16,298 1.49 –3.17
  Citizens Electoral Council 6,539 0.60 +0.33
  Family First 2,619 0.24 +0.24
  New Country 2,625 0.24 +0.25
  Socialist Alliance 1,620 0.15 +0.15
  Independents 14,861 1.35 + 0.82
Total 1,158,687 15
Two-party-preferred vote
  Liberal/National Coalition 607,829 55.40 + 3.78 10   2
  Labor 489,244 44.60 –3.78 5   2
Invalid/blank votes 61,614 5.32 +0.40
Registered voters/turnout 1,248,732 92.79
Source: AEC Tally Room

Western Australia saw two seats change hands. The Liberal vote has always been considered strong in this state. It was made stronger in this election due to Kim Beazley's absence as Labor leader. Beazley, a native Western Australian was seen to bolster Labor's poll numbers when he stood in 1998 and 2001. This and the unpopular Labor state Geoff Gallop government of the time saw Labor's polling numbers slide to its lowest since 1977.[1]

South Australia

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Main article: Results of the 2004 Australian federal election in South Australia
2004 Australian federal election
(South Australia)
 
← 2001 9 October 2004 2007 →
All 11 South Australian seats in the Australian House of Representatives
and 6 seats in the Australian Senate
  First party Second party
     
Leader John Howard Mark Latham
Party Liberal/National coalition Labor
Last election 9 seats 3 seats
Seats won 8 seats 3 seats
Seat change   1  
Popular vote 455,983 346,071
Percentage 48.42% 36.75%
Swing   2.51   3.01
TPP 54.36% 45.64%
TPP swing   0.28   0.28
Turnout 94.79% (CV) — Informal 5.56%[10]
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Liberal 446,372 47.40 + 1.49 8   1
  National 9,611 1.02 +1.02 0  
Liberal–National coalition 455,983 48.42 +2.52 8   1
  Labor 346,071 36.75 + 3.01 3  
  Greens 51,200 5.44 +1.80
  Democrats 17,682 1.88 –8.66
  One Nation 10,687 1.13 –3.62
  Family First 40,547 4.31 +4.31
  Independents 19,204 2.04 +1.16
Total 997,102 11   1
Two-party-preferred vote
  Liberal/National Coalition 511,845 54.36 +0.28 8   1
  Labor 429,799 45.64 –0.28 3  
Invalid/blank votes 55,458 5.56 +0.22
Registered voters/turnout 1,051,923 94.79
Source: AEC Tally Room

The redistribution saw South Australia lose one seat. This election saw four seats change hands; however, there was no net change in party representation. The Liberal vote rose slightly, as did Labor's (3.1% since 2001). While the Greens recorded a result of 5.4%.

Tasmania

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Main article: Results of the 2004 Australian federal election in Tasmania
2004 Australian federal election
(Tasmania)
 
← 2001 9 October 2004 2007 →
All 5 Tasmanian seats in the Australian House of Representatives
and 6 seats in the Australian Senate
  First party Second party
     
Leader Mark Latham John Howard
Party Labor Liberal/National coalition
Last election 5 seats 0 seats
Seats won 3 seats 2 seats
Seat change   2   2
Popular vote 140,918 132,724
Percentage 44.58% 41.98%
Swing   2.59   4.88
TPP 54.19% 45.81%
TPP swing   3.54   3.54
 
Results by electorate
Turnout 95.64% (CV) — Informal 3.59%[11]
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Labor 140,918 44.58 –2.59 3   2
  Liberal 132,724 41.98 +4.88 2   2
  Greens 31,242 9.88 +2.07
  Family First 8,973 2.84 +2.84
  Citizens Electoral Council 1,158 0.37 +0.32
  Socialist Alliance 1,108 0.35 +0.35
Total 316,123 5
Two-party-preferred vote
  Labor 171,294 54.19 –3.54 3   2
  Liberal/National Coalition 144,829 45.81 +3.54 2   2

Labor to Liberal: Bass Braddon

Tasmania bucked the national trend against Labor. The party still lost two seats but maintained a primary vote of 44.6%. The Liberal party saw its primary vote jump 5.9% to 42.0%, and the Greens saw their strongest nationwide results capturing 9.9% of the vote.[1]

Territories

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Main article: Results of the 2004 Australian federal election in territories

Australian Capital Territory

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2004 Australian federal election
(Australian Capital Territory)
 
← 2001 9 October 2004 2007 →
All 2 Australian Capital Territory seats in the Australian House of Representatives
and all 2 seats in the Australian Senate
  First party Second party
     
Leader Mark Latham John Howard
Party Labor Liberal/National coalition
Last election 2 seats 0 seats
Seats won 2 seats 0 seats
Seat change    
Popular vote 104,836 73,508
Percentage 50.20% 35.20%
Swing   3.30   2.80
TPP 61.10% 38.90%
TPP swing   1.40   1.40
Turnout 95.85% (CV) — Informal 2.31%[12]
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Labor 104,836 50.2 +3.3 2  
  Liberal 73,508 35.2 +2.8 0  
  Greens 22,440 10.8 +3.7
  Democrats 5,010 2.4 –5.6
  Socialist Alliance 2,067 1.0 +1.0
  Citizens Electoral Council 765 0.4 +0.4
Total 208,626 2
Two-party-preferred vote
  Labor 61.1 –1.4 2  
  Liberal   38.9 +1.4 0  

Northern Territory

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2004 Australian federal election
(Northern Territory)
 
← 2001 9 October 2004 2007 →
All 2 Northern Territory seats in the Australian House of Representatives
and all 2 seats in the Australian Senate
  First party Second party
     
Leader Mark Latham John Howard
Party Labor Liberal/National coalition
Last election 1 seat 1 seat
Seats won 1 seat 1 seat
Seat change    
Popular vote 40,246 39,855
Percentage 44.27% 43.84%
Swing   1.34   3.30
TPP 52.15% 47.85%
TPP swing   0.34   0.34
Turnout 86.53% (CV) — Informal 3.85%[13]
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
  Labor 40,246 44.27 +1.37 1  
  Country Liberal 39,855 43.84 +3.30 1  
  Greens 5,646 6.21 +2.19
  Democrats 2,152 2.37 –2.89
  Family First 1,000 1.10 +1.10
  Citizens Electoral Council 235 0.26 +0.26
  Independents 1,781 1.96 –1.49
Total 89,972 2
Two-party-preferred vote
  Labor 52.15 –0.34 1  
  Country Liberal   47.85 +0.34 0  

Interpretation of results

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A polling booth on election day

The popularity of John Howard as prime minister and the ineffectiveness of Mark Latham as an opposition leader was what ultimately drove the Coalition's electoral success. The lack of viable alternatives as prime minister in the Coalition government helped consolidate this.

In the Howard government's third term, there had been the widely held view that the economy had been performing well, and economic security had increased. These economic circumstances were unusual for Australia following a tumultuous decade previously, one which saw a recession occur. This bolstered Howard's popularity, an opposition only stood a chance of making significant inroads against a leader much less popular than Howard.

Latham ran at times a scrappy campaign, announcing policy at unusual times and often without the consultation of his party room. Howard exploited this and succeeded in portraying him as inexperienced and risky. He also disregarded connecting to business or financial leaders, something which was viewed by many as a miscalculation.[14]

The two main policy areas that dominated campaigning were that of international security (Iraq War, terrorism) and economic security. They did sway votes and drove people to defect from either party, but to a lesser extent. In polls conducted it was found that 82% of people opposed the war, yet only 4% listed it as their primary issue. Support for the war followed an unusual trajectory. Initially, the country's engagement in a war alongside Britain and the United States was met with outrage in the community. However, once Australia had committed troops to the war, public opinion began shifting. Public support for the war became largely positive in late 2003. There were many people who objected to it on a moral basis but relatively few cared enough to change their vote at the ballot box.

Labor frequently attacked the coalition on their record of providing adequate social services such as Medicare, education funding and social welfare. Policies were announced aimed at addressing these and this resonated with voters.[4] Under the view of many in the electorate, these services had seen decline under the three terms of the coalition. School funding received particular attention with Latham announcing a bold remodelling of how federal funding would be split amongst independent and public schools. Latham suggested that elite private schools, some of the most expensive in the country, would have their funding slashed and redistributed to lower socioeconomic independent schools and government schools. This was seen by many as a departure from modern day political campaigning and a return to old fashioned class-warfare type politics.[15] The media portrayed the policy dishonestly, describing it as removing all private school funding. This wasn't true, the policy ensured that the pool of independent funding remained but was distributed more to low-income schools. Nevertheless, Latham would be scalded in the media for adopting the policy with Victoria's Herald Sun running an editorial against him stating "Mr Latham's commitments are based on the fallacious, ideologically driven premise that all parents who send their children to so called wealthy schools are themselves rich".[15]

The Coalition successfully countered these by running a campaign around interest rates stating that the spending envisaged by a Labor government would inevitably see interest rates increase. The "Keep interest rates low" campaign ran by the Coalition reminded the electorate frequently about the double digit interest rates that existed under the Hawke/Keating Labor governments in the 1980's and 1990's. Labor decided to counter this by quoting a Reuters survey of 14 financial market economists that stated the party in government would make no difference to the level of interest rates over the next term of government. Many in Australia had borrowed heavily at the time to finance their home ownership and were swayed by this line of campaigning by Howard. They were justifiably nervous about their future financial prospects and voted accordingly. People saw the risk of foreclosure as a greater threat than the risk of sub-standard healthcare services or an inequitable public education sector.[16]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Stephen Martin (Labor) had won the seat of Cunningham at the 2001 election; however, he retired in 2002. Michael Organ (Greens) won the seat at the resulting by-election; however, Sharon Bird regained the seat for Labor at this election.
  2. ^ The independents were Peter Andren, Tony Windsor and Bob Katter.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bennett, Scott; Kopras, Andrew; Newman, Gerrard (2005). "Commonwealth Election 2004" (PDF). Research Brief 13. Parliamentary Library. ISSN 1832-2883.
  2. ^ a b c Wanna, John (January 2005). "The Australian federal election 2004: Howard's scare campaign prompted labor's train‐wreck'". Representation. 41 (4): 291–299. doi:10.1080/00344890508523324. ISSN 0034-4893. S2CID 153711938.
  3. ^ Tavan, Gwenda (3 May 2019). "Issues that swung elections: Tampa and the national security election of 2001". The Conversation. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  4. ^ a b McAllister, Ian; Bean, Clive (6 December 2006). "Leaders, the Economy or Iraq? Explaining Voting in the 2004 Australian Election*". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 52 (4): 604–620. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2006.00435a.x.
  5. ^ "Crean accuses Beazley of destabilising Labor". The Age. 23 April 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  6. ^ "2004 First preference votes for New South Wales". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  7. ^ "2004 First preference votes for Victoria". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  8. ^ "2004 First preference votes for Queensland". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  9. ^ "2004 First preference votes for Western Australia". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  10. ^ "2004 First preference votes for South Australia". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  11. ^ "2004 First preference votes for Tasmania". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  12. ^ "2004 First preference votes for the Australian Capital Territory". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  13. ^ "2004 First preference votes for the Northern Territory". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  14. ^ Stimson, Robert J; Chhetri, Prem; Shyy, Tung-Kai (2007). "Typology of Local patterns of Voter Support for Political Parties at the 2004 Federal Election". People and Place (ERA 2010, 2012, 2015, 2018 Journal(s) Listed). 15: 12 – via ePress Monash University.
  15. ^ a b "Australian Federal Election 2004. Labor's school funding policy fuels debate. Barrie Cassidy. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  16. ^ "Risky strategy ends in disaster for Labor". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 October 2004. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
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