Rhizoxin is an antimitotic agent with anti-tumor activity.[1][2] It is isolated from the fungus Rhizopus microsporus which causes rice seedling blight.
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C35H47NO9 | |
| Molar mass | 625.749 g/mol |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Biosynthesis
editRhizoxin is biosynthesised by Paraburkholderia rhizoxinica, a bacterial endosymbiont of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus.[3] It is one of a large group of rhizoxin-like compounds produced by the bacteria.[4] The bacterial endosymbiont can be grown independently in culture. This may allow easy harvesting of rhizoxin and the related compounds avoiding total chemical synthesis, although total chemical synthesis is possible.[5]
Cytotoxic function
editRhizoxin binds beta tubulin in eukaryotic cells disrupting microtubule formation. This, in turn, prevents formation of the mitotic spindle inhibiting cell division. Additionally rhizoxin can depolymerise assembled microtubules.[6] The function of rhizoxin is similar to Vinca alkaloids.
Rhizoxin has undergone clinical trials as an anti-cancer drug[7] although it did not reach later stages of clinical trials due to low activity in vivo. Related compounds to rhizoxin have improved biological activity (E.G Mertansine) .[4]
Structure
editRhizoxin is a 16-membered lactone ring connected to an oxazole ring by a long unsaturated chain.[8]
References
edit- ^ Tsuruo T, Oh-hara T, Iida H, Tsukagoshi S, Sato Z, Matsuda I, et al. (January 1986). "Rhizoxin, a macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, as a new antitumor agent against human and murine tumor cells and their vincristine-resistant sublines". Cancer Research. 46 (1): 381–385. PMID 3753552.
- ^ Ikubo S, Takigawa N, Ueoka H, Kiura K, Tabata M, Shibayama T, et al. (1999). "In vitro evaluation of antimicrotubule agents in human small-cell lung cancer cell lines". Anticancer Research. 19 (5B): 3985–8. PMID 10628341.
- ^ Partida-Martinez LP, Hertweck C (October 2005). "Pathogenic fungus harbours endosymbiotic bacteria for toxin production". Nature. 437 (7060): 884–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..884P. doi:10.1038/nature03997. PMID 16208371. S2CID 4416437.
- ^ a b Scherlach K, Partida-Martinez LP, Dahse HM, Hertweck C (September 2006). "Antimitotic rhizoxin derivatives from a cultured bacterial endosymbiont of the rice pathogenic fungus Rhizopus microsporus". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (35): 11529–36. doi:10.1021/ja062953o. PMID 16939276.
- ^ Mitchell, I.S.; et al. (2005). "A total synthesis of the antitumour macrolide rhizoxin D". Org. Biomol. Chem. 3 (24): 4412–31. doi:10.1039/b507570j. PMID 16327903.
- ^ Takahashi M, Iwasaki S, Kobayashi H, Okuda S, Murai T, Sato Y, et al. (January 1987). "Studies on macrocyclic lactone antibiotics. XI. Anti-mitotic and anti-tubulin activity of new antitumor antibiotics, rhizoxin and its homologues". The Journal of Antibiotics. 40 (1): 66–72. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.40.66. PMID 3606749.Erratum in J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)., 40 (4), following 565. (1987)
- ^ McLeod HL, Murray LS, Wanders J, Setanoians A, Graham MA, Pavlidis N, et al. (December 1996). "Multicentre phase II pharmacological evaluation of rhizoxin. Eortc early clinical studies (ECSG)/pharmacology and molecular mechanisms (PAMM) groups". British Journal of Cancer. 74 (12): 1944–8. doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.657. PMC 2074819. PMID 8980394.
- ^ Iwasaki S, Kobayashi H, Furukawa J, Namikoshi M, Okuda S, Sato Z, et al. (April 1984). "Studies on macrocyclic lactone antibiotics. VII. Structure of a phytotoxin "rhizoxin" produced by Rhizopus chinensis". The Journal of Antibiotics. 37 (4): 354–62. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.37.354. PMID 6547134.