Rhoda Erdmann (5 December 1870 – 23 August 1935) was a German cell biologist.[1][2] Working in the early 1900s, Erdmann was a pioneer of cellular biology and one of few women in her field at the time. Erdmann's work centered around the reproduction of protozoa, with a particular interest in tissue culture and in vitro cellular reproduction. Her work as a protozoologist earned her a graduate student lecturing position at Yale University, though her time in America was cut short by anti-German sentiment surrounding World War I. After a forcible incarceration and then deportation in 1919, Erdmann took a research position at the Institute for Cancer Research at the Charité Hospital of the Friedrich‐Wilhelms University of Berlin. There she instituted the first department for experimental cytology in Germany. She worked at the University for almost 10 years before receiving on official professorship in 1929. Her work was interrupted yet again with the rise of Nazism in 1933, when she was stripped of her professorship position. She died in Berlin in 1935.
Career
editEducation
editAfter passing the required examination in 1892, she moved first to England and then later Romania to work as a teacher, ultimately ending with a position at a Volksschule in Hamburg in 1899. In 1900, she earned first-class honors in the examination for teaching.[3]
In 1903, Erdmann left her teaching position to continue her studies. She took courses in zoology and botany in Berlin, Zurich, Marburg and Munich. She worked with living animal materials at the Naples Zoological Station, and passed the university qualifying examination in 1907 which she received from the Realgymnasium in Kassel (Hessen). She received a Ph.D. in biology from the University of Munich in 1908, working in the laboratory of Richard Hertwig. Her dissertation, Experimentelle Untersuchung der Massenverhältnisse von Plasma, Kern und Chromosomen in dem sich entwickelnden Seeigelei, (Experimental investigation of the mass ratios of plasma, nucleus and chromosomes in the developing sea urchin egg)[4] established her career as a protozoologist. She was one of the first women doctoral students in Germany, as women had only been allowed to pursue doctoral research beginning in the year 1900.
Cytological research
editAfter receiving her Ph.D., Erdmann went on to work as a research assistant at the Institute for Infectious Diseases at the Robert Koch Institute and Charité Hospital of Berlin, where she worked from 1908 to 1913. Working with August von Wassermann, Erdmann attempted to develop vaccines against Cyanophilia viruses (now recognized at H7 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza [5]) in chickens.[6] In 1913, she received a one-year fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation to conduct cytological research at the Osborn Zoological Laboratory at Yale University. At Yale, she worked with Ross Granville Harrison, the noted developmental biologist on methods to propagate cells in vitro. After her fellowship ended, she received an offer from Harrison to return to Yale as a lecturer—remarkable, given Yale's charter had to be changed to admit a woman as faculty. From 1915 to 1918, she was a member of the Yale faculty and the first woman member of the Yale Graduate Faculty. In 1915 she was named a research associate at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in Princeton, where she spent summers studying tissue culture techniques. Erdmann was able to successfully culture chicken bone marrow cells as part of her attempts to attenuate the cyanolophia virus.[7] These studies were important for future work in the fields of hematology and virology. In addition, her work on the survival of Paramecium cultures led to important insights on cellular senescence and methods of genetic transmission.[8]
_clip,_from-_The_Ogden_Standard_(newspaper),_Ogden_City,_Utah-_Wednesday_May_15,_1918_(page_1)_(cropped).jpeg)
Her work at Yale and Princeton was interrupted by World War I. Wartime hysteria cast suspicion on German citizens; as a German citizen working in biology, people began to suspect Erdmann of culturing malicious bacteria. In 1918 Erdmann was accused of poisoning the New Haven drinking water supply and introducing chicken cholera to the U.S.[9] She lost her job at Yale in February 1918, and was jailed from May until September, when she was bailed out by Harrison and a number of her female friends. She was then deported to Germany the following spring.[10]
Experimental cell research
editErdmann struggled to find work in Germany, and it was a full year before she got a position at the Institute for Cancer Research at the Charité Hospital of the Friedrich‐Wilhelms University of Berlin. There she established a department of experimental cell research, the first of its kind in Germany. She received faculty status in the Zoology department at the university in 1920. She was appointed to the medical faculty in 1923, and promoted to Associate Professor with full civil service status in 1929. In April 1930, her department was officially separated and named the Institute of Experimental Cytology (Institut für Experimentell Zellforschung), where she served as director.
At the institute, she introduced tissue culture methods that she had learned in the U.S. Among her many contributions was the demonstration that cancer could be propagated by cell-free filtrates containing viruses [11] She was the first German woman to lead a university institute.[12] Erdmann also founded the periodical Archiv für experimentelle Zellforschung in 1925 and served as its editor until her death. She conceived the idea of an International Society for Experimental Cytology and served as permanent its general secretary.[2]
Forced retirement
editWhen the Nazis came to power in 1933, she was banned from laboratory work after having been denounced by the eugenicist Henry Zeiss and the orthopedic surgeon Hermann Gocht, as being Jewish. When this turned out to be untrue, she was accused of helping her Jewish students to secure positions and emigrate.[13] Her institute was then closed and she was forced to retire.[10] She was jailed in the spring of 1933 for two weeks by the Gestapo, but was released due to international pressure. However, in 1934 the German Government opened another institute for experimental cytology under her direction. She was active until her death, having recently completed a manuscript.[14]
In 1992, the German section of the European Tissue Culture Association created a research fund in Dr. Erdmann's name. In 2016, the Rhoda Erdmann House opened on the Life Sciences North Campus of Humbold University of Berlin. Due to its curved shape and green metal facade, the Rhoda Erdmann House on Philippstraβe is known as the "Green Amoeba."[15]
Life and education
editAnna Maria Rhoda Erdmann was born in Hersfeld, Hessen, on 5 December 1870.[1] The daughter of Anna Maria and Dr. Heinrick E. Erdmann (who was a high school teacher), Erdmann grew up in a family of scientists and physicians.[16] Erdmann attended St. John's school for girls in Hamburg, where she trained to be a teacher of high-school and middle-school aged girls. Erdmann then worked as a teacher for around 9 years before her later career advancements, because it was the nearly the only academically inclined career for women in Germany.[17] Following her long and eventful career in research, Erdmann died in Berlin[10] on 24 August 1935 at the age of 64 from a heart attack.[2]
Feminist contributions
editRhoda Erdmann is considered a role model and pioneer as she was a member of the first generation of women who were able to pursue a career in the academic field. She was a contributor to a book called "Leading Women in Europe" where she spoke of her experiences and the difficulties faced when competing with male scientists.[17] She had the perspective that the views women working in science were often overshadowed by men in the field. Erdmann noticed that women were often assigned simpler routine tasks that kept them too busy to perform their own research. In her biography Erdmann notes that she had to "carve out her academic standing for herself by hard work".[17]
References
edit- ^ a b "Rhoda Erdmann" (in German). Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
- ^ a b c "Obituary". The British Medical Journal. 2 (3899): 605. September 28, 1935. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3899.605-b. PMC 2461453. PMID 20779386.
- ^ Brigitte, Hoppe (2012-08-15), "Erdmann, Rhoda", eLS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0023940, ISBN 978-0470016176
- ^ "University Women's International Networks Database".
- ^ Kaleta, Erhard; Rulke, Catherine (2008). The beginning of the spread of Fowl Plague (H7 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus) across Europe and Asia (1878-1955). Blackwell. pp. 145–190.
- ^ Erdmann, Rhoda (1917). "Immunization against cyanolophia". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 14 (8): 156–161. doi:10.3181/00379727-14-93. S2CID 87792517.
- ^ Erdmann, Rhoda (1917). "cytological observations on the behavior of chicken bone marrow in plasma medium". American Journal of Anatomy. 22: 73–125. doi:10.1002/aja.1000220105.
- ^ Erdmann, Rhoda (1918). "Endomixis and size variations in pure lines of Paramecium aurelia". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 16 (5): 60–65. doi:10.3181/00379727-16-37. S2CID 84798483.
- ^ Maramorosch, Karl (2012). "The 3 Gs". Virologica Sinica. 27: 325.
- ^ a b c "Erdmann, Rhoda". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences.
- ^ Erdmann, Rhoa (1928). "Erzeugung des Flexner-Jobling-Tumors durch Filtrate". Zeitschrift für Krebsforschung. 27 (1–2): 69. doi:10.1007/BF02184786. S2CID 22744389.
- ^ "Anna Maria Rhoda Erdmann". American Journal of Public Health. 25 (10): 1171. 1935. doi:10.2105/AJPH.25.10.1169.
- ^ "Philippstrasse 13, house 22". Humbdolt-Universitat Zu Berlin.
- ^ h. b, F. (1935). "Prof. Rhoda Erdmann". Nature. 136 (3443): 672. Bibcode:1935Natur.136..672H. doi:10.1038/136672a0.
- ^ "Phillippstrasse 13 Rhoda Erdmann House".
- ^ "Prof. A.M.R. Erdmann, Cancer Expert, Dies". New York times. August 26, 1935.
- ^ a b c Fangerau, Heiner (2022). "Leaving the Academic Niche–Rhoda Erdmann (1870–1935) and the Democratization of Tissue Culture Research". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 9. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.801333. ISSN 2296-634X. PMC 8882992.