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Rhopalosiphum maidis

Rhopalosiphum maidis, common names corn leaf aphid and corn aphid, is an insect, and a pest of maize and other crops. It has a nearly worldwide distribution and is typically found in agricultural fields, grasslands, and forest-grassland zones. Among aphids that feed on maize, it is the most commonly encountered and most economically damaging, particularly in tropical and warmer temperate areas. In addition to maize, R. maidis damages rice, sorghum, and other cultivated and wild monocots.[2][3][4]

Rhopalosiphum maidis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Family: Aphididae
Genus: Rhopalosiphum
Species:
R. maidis
Binomial name
Rhopalosiphum maidis
(Fitch, 1856)[1]
Synonyms

Description

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The bodies of wingless parthenogenetic females are green or whitish-green. The head, antennae, legs, cornicles, tail, and transverse bands on the abdomen are black-brown. The body has sparse short hairs. The length of the antennae is less than half the length of the body. Cornicles are not longer than the finger-like tail. In winged females, the head and thoracic section are black-brown and the cornicles are shorter than in the wingless females.[2]

Most R. maidis populations are anholocyclic, i.e. reproduction occurs entirely by parthenogenesis. However, sexual reproduction has been reported in Pakistan and Korea, with Prunus ssp. as the primary host.[5][6] In populations in Japan and Kenya, males but not sexually reproducing females have been found.[7][8]

Agricultural interactions

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In winter, winged parthenogenetic females and larvae survive on wild-growing monocots, from which they move to agricultural fields in the spring. Fields populate gradually, starting from the edges to the center. Reproduction is rapid, with up to twelve generations per year. The aphid population reaches a maximum late in the summer.

Dense populations of R. maidis on maize (Zea mays) can cause direct damage through the removal of photosynthates.[9] Large amounts of honeydew that is deposited by aphid feeding on maize tassels can prevent pollen shed and decrease yield by up to 90%.[10][11] Several damaging maize viruses, including Maize yellow dwarf virus, Barley yellow dwarf virus, Sugarcane mosaic virus, and Cucumber mosaic virus, are transmitted by R. maidis.

In addition to feeding on maize, R. maidis infests a variety of cultivated grasses, including wheat, barley, oat, rye, sorghum, sugarcane, and rice.[2][3][4] Barley is a particularly suitable host for R. maidis,[12] though there also is considerable within-species variation in resistance.[13]

Chemical ecology

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Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn leaf aphids) on Zea mays (maize)

Under enhanced CO2 conditions, the growth rate and reproduction of R. maidis on barley were significantly decreased.[14] Volatiles of barley grown under enhanced CO2 were also less attractive than those from plants grown under atmospheric CO2.[15] Temperature and crowding have differential effects on wing formation in parthenogenetically reproducing R. maidis on barley.[16]

Maize inbred lines vary in their resistance to R. maidis and other insect pests.[17] Relative to other maize-feeding aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, and Metopolophium dirhodum), R. maidis exhibits a greater tolerance of benzoxazinoids, the most abundant class of maize defensive metabolites.[18] Nevertheless, lineage-specific variation in maize resistance to R. maidis was associated with differences in the abundance of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-l,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside (DIMBOA-Glc), an abundant maize benzoxazinoid.[19][20][21] Both increased DIMBOA-Glc synthesis and reduced conversion to 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside (HDMBOA -Glc) can enhance maize seedling resistance to R. maidis.[19][21] Maize mutations that knock out benzoxazinoid biosynthesis increase R. maidis reproduction.[21][22] In some instances, caterpillar feeding can enhance the conversion of DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc, thereby increasing maize resistance against R. maidis.[23] The defense signaling molecules 2-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and ethylene are involved in regulating maize resistance to R. maidis.[24][25]

In olfactometer experiments, R. maidis were repelled by volatiles from damaged maize plants.[26] One of the major volatiles emitted by damaged maize is the terpene (E)‐β‐farnesene, which also functions as an alarm pheromone for aphids and thus may be repellent. Mutations of a maize terpene synthase, TPS2, made the plants more attractive for R. maidis.[22]

Genome sequencing

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There is within-species variation in the chromosome numbers of R. maidis, with karyotypes of 2n = 8, 9, and 10 having been reported. Whereas R. maidis strains on maize tend to have 2n = 8, those on barley generally have 2n = 10.[27][28] To better enable research related to ecological interactions, virus transmission, pesticide resistance, and other aspects of the species biology, a high-quality genome was assembled from a parthenogenetic R. maidis lineage collected from maize.[29] The assembled genome is 321 Mb in size and features a total of 17,629 protein-coding genes. Assembly of the genome was facilitated by the extremely low level of heterozygosity in the sequenced R. maidis isolate.

Hosts

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References

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  1. ^ Fauna Europaea
  2. ^ a b c Blackman, Roger L.; Eastop, Victor Frank (2000). Aphids on the world's crops : an identification and information guide (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley. ISBN 0471851914. OCLC 42290200.
  3. ^ a b "Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) - Maize Aphid". Ethiopia.ipm-info.org. 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  4. ^ a b "Rhopalosiphum maidis". Extento.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
  5. ^ Lee, S; Holman, J; Havelka, J (2002). Illustrated Catalogue of Aphididae in the Korean Peninsula Part I, Subfamily Aphidinae. Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology.
  6. ^ Remaudière, G (1991). "Découverte au Pakistan de l'hôte primaire de Rhopalosiphum maidis". C R Acad Agric Fr. 77: 61–62.
  7. ^ Eastop, V. F. (2009). "The Males of Rhopalosiphum Maidis (Fitch) and a Discussion on the Use of Males in Aphid Taxonomy". Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series A. 29 (4–6): 84–85. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1954.tb01204.x. ISSN 0375-0418.
  8. ^ Torikura, H (1991). "Revisional notes on Japanese Rhopalosiphum, with keys to species based on the morphs on the primary host". Japanese Journal of Entomology. 59: 257–273.
  9. ^ Bing, J. W.; Guthrie, W. D.; Dicke, F. F.; Obrycki, J. J. (1991). "Seedling Stage Feeding by Corn Leaf Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae): Influence on Plant Development in Maize". Journal of Economic Entomology. 84 (2): 625–632. doi:10.1093/jee/84.2.625. ISSN 1938-291X.
  10. ^ Foott, W. H.; Timmins, P. R. (1973). "Effects of Infestations by the Corn Leaf Aphid, Rhopalosiphum Maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae), on Field Corn in Southwestern Ontario". The Canadian Entomologist. 105 (3): 449–458. doi:10.4039/ent105449-3. ISSN 0008-347X. S2CID 84422311.
  11. ^ Cerena, MJ; Glogoza, P (2004). "Resistance of maize to the corn leaf aphid: A review". Maydica. 49: 241–254.
  12. ^ El‐Ibrashy, M. T.; El‐Ziady, Samira; Riad, Aida A. (1972). "Laboratory Studies on the Biology of the Corn Leaf Aphid, Rhopalosiphum Maidis (homoptera: Aphididae)". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 15 (2): 166–174. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1972.tb00192.x. ISSN 1570-7458. S2CID 85324421.
  13. ^ Gill, C. C.; Metcalfe, D. R. (1977). "Resistance in barley to the corn leaf aphid rhopalosiphum maidis". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 57 (4): 1063–1070. doi:10.4141/cjps77-158. ISSN 0008-4220.
  14. ^ Chen, Yu; Serteyn, Laurent; Wang, Zhenying; He, KangLai; Francis, Frederic (2019). "Reduction of Plant Suitability for Corn Leaf Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Under Elevated Carbon Dioxide Condition". Environmental Entomology. 48 (4): 935–944. doi:10.1093/ee/nvz045. hdl:2268/237585. ISSN 0046-225X. PMID 31116399. S2CID 162171362.
  15. ^ Chen, Yu; Martin, Clément; Fingu Mabola, Junior Corneille; Verheggen, François; Wang, Zhenying; He, KangLai; Francis, Frederic (2019). "Effects of Host Plants Reared under Elevated CO2 Concentrations on the Foraging Behavior of Different Stages of Corn Leaf Aphids Rhopalosiphum maidis". Insects. 10 (6): 182. doi:10.3390/insects10060182. ISSN 2075-4450. PMC 6628410. PMID 31234573.
  16. ^ Chen, Yu; Verheggen, François J.; Sun, Dandan; Wang, Zhenying; Francis, Frederic; He, KangLai (2019). "Differential wing polyphenism adaptation across life stages under extreme high temperatures in corn leaf aphid". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8744. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.8744C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45045-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6584643. PMID 31217431.
  17. ^ Meihls, L. N.; Kaur, H.; Jander, G. (2012). "Natural Variation in Maize Defense against Insect Herbivores". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 77: 269–283. doi:10.1101/sqb.2012.77.014662. ISSN 0091-7451. PMID 23223408.
  18. ^ Caballero, Paula P.; Ramírez, Claudio C.; Niemeyer, Hermann M. (2001). "Specialisation pattern of the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis is not modified by experience on a novel host". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 100 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00846.x. ISSN 1570-7458. S2CID 85808381.
  19. ^ a b Meihls, L. N.; Handrick, V.; Glauser, G.; Barbier, H.; Kaur, H.; Haribal, M. M.; Lipka, A. E.; Gershenzon, J.; Buckler, E. S. (2013). "Natural Variation in Maize Aphid Resistance Is Associated with 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-Methoxy-1,4-Benzoxazin-3-One Glucoside Methyltransferase Activity". The Plant Cell. 25 (6): 2341–2355. doi:10.1105/tpc.113.112409. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 3723630. PMID 23898034.
  20. ^ Mijares, Valeria; Meihls, Lisa; Jander, Georg; Tzin, Vered (2013). "Near-isogenic lines for measuring phenotypic effects of DIMBOA-Glc methyltransferase activity in maize". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 8 (10): e26779. doi:10.4161/psb.26779. ISSN 1559-2324. PMC 4091059. PMID 24494232.
  21. ^ a b c Betsiashvili, M.; Ahern, K. R.; Jander, G. (2015). "Additive effects of two quantitative trait loci that confer Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn leaf aphid) resistance in maize inbred line Mo17". Journal of Experimental Botany. 66 (2): 571–578. doi:10.1093/jxb/eru379. ISSN 0022-0957. PMC 4286405. PMID 25249072.
  22. ^ a b Tzin, Vered; Fernandez-Pozo, Noe; Richter, Annett; Schmelz, Eric A; Schoettner, Matthias; Schäfer, Martin; Ahern, Kevin R; Meihls, Lisa N; Kaur, Harleen (2015). "Dynamic maize responses to aphid feeding are revealed by a time series of transcriptomic and metabolomic assays". Plant Physiology. 169 (3): 1727–43. doi:10.1104/pp.15.01039. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 4634079. PMID 26378100.
  23. ^ Tzin, Vered; Lindsay, Penelope L.; Christensen, Shawn A.; Meihls, Lisa N.; Blue, Levi B.; Jander, Georg (2015). "Genetic mapping shows intraspecific variation and transgressive segregation for caterpillar-induced aphid resistance in maize". Molecular Ecology. 24 (22): 5739–5750. doi:10.1111/mec.13418. PMID 26462033. S2CID 206182798.
  24. ^ Varsani, Suresh; Grover, Sajjan; Zhou, Shaoqun; Koch, Kyle G.; Huang, Pei-Cheng; Kolomiets, Michael V.; Williams, W. Paul; Heng-Moss, Tiffany; Sarath, Gautam (2019). "12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid Acts as a Regulator of Maize Defense against Corn Leaf Aphid". Plant Physiology. 179 (4): 1402–1415. doi:10.1104/pp.18.01472. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 6446797. PMID 30643012.
  25. ^ Louis, Joe; Basu, Saumik; Varsani, Suresh; Castano-Duque, Lina; Jiang, Victoria; Williams, W. Paul; Felton, Gary W.; Luthe, Dawn S. (2015). "Ethylene Contributes to maize insect resistance1 -Mediated Maize Defense against the Phloem Sap-Sucking Corn Leaf Aphid". Plant Physiology. 169 (1): 313–324. doi:10.1104/pp.15.00958. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 4577432. PMID 26253737.
  26. ^ Bernasconi, Marco L.; Turlings, Ted C. J.; Ambrosetti, Lara; Bassetti, Paolo; Dorn, Silvia (1998). "Herbivore-induced emissions of maize volatiles repel the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 87 (2): 133–142. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00315.x. ISSN 1570-7458. S2CID 86187075.
  27. ^ Blackman, R. L.; Brown, P. A. (1988). "Karyotype variation in the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), species complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in relation to host-plant and morphology". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 78 (2): 351–363. doi:10.1017/S0007485300013110. ISSN 1475-2670.
  28. ^ Blackman, RA; Brown, PA (1991). "Morphometric variation within and between populations of Rhopalosiphum maidis with a discussion of the taxonomic treatment of permanently parthenogenetic aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)". Entomologia Generalis. 16 (2): 97–113. doi:10.1127/entom.gen/16/1991/097.
  29. ^ Chen W, Shakir S, Bigham M, Richter A, Fei Z, Jander G (April 2019). "Genome sequence of the corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)". GigaScience. 8 (4). doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz033. PMC 6451198. PMID 30953568.   Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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