Wikipedia

Rhyothemis fuliginosa

Rhyothemis fuliginosa, also known as the butterfly dragonfly or the butterfly flutterer,[3] is a species of dragonfly of the family Libellulidae found throughout East Asia, in the countries of Japan, China, Taiwan, and the Korean Peninsula.[4][5]

Butterfly dragonfly
Male
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Infraorder: Anisoptera
Family: Libellulidae
Genus: Rhyothemis
Species:
R. fuliginosa
Binomial name
Rhyothemis fuliginosa
Selys, 1883
Synonyms

Rhyothemis noshime Asahina, 1982
[2]

In Japan, R. fuliginosa is known as チョウトンボ (chou-tonbo, 蝶蜻蛉) which directly translates to "butterfly dragonfly."[6] In China and Taiwan, it is known as 黑翅蜻蜓 (Hēi chì qīngtíng), meaning "black-winged dragonfly."[7] In Korea it is also known as 나비잠자리 (Nabi jamjari) meaning "butterfly dragonfly".[8]

Flights occur between the months of June and September.[9][10] They are most active from early summer to the mid-autumn season.[11]

Description

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Rhyothemis fuliginosa is a short and stout dragonfly with a body length of 32-41 millimeters in length. The wings are 30–40 mm across and patterned with a deep blue iridescent shade.[11][3] Depending on the viewing angle, the dragonfly's wings can vary in color due to their light scattering properties, with some appearing golden in the light.[4][9] The wing patterns are thought to be a determinant between members of the same species to avoid mating with the incorrect partner.[3]

Males have spots on the tips of their hindwings, a feature that allows differentiation between male and female individuals.[6] Southern Japanese specimens of R. fuliginosa feature spotted forewings and entirely pigmented hindwings.[6]

 
Southern Japanese variant.

Range

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Rhyothemis fuliginosa is found throughout East Asia, being known to have been spotted in China, Japan, Taiwan, and the Korean Peninsula.[5][4] It has been known to extend its range further south into Vietnam as well.[1]

In Japan the dragonfly is found throughout the main island of Honshu from as far north as Aomori Prefecture and can be found further south into the island of Kyushu's Kagoshima Prefecture. Overall, R. fuliginosa is found throughout the islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu.[9] There have been reports of sightings further north into Hokkaido as well.[3] Its range further extends onto the offshore islands off the Japanese mainland, such as Tanegashima.[5][4]

In Mainland China, R. fuliginosa is found in: Guangdong, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shichuan, and Zhejiang provinces. There are unconfirmed sightings in Hainan province as well.[1]

It is a rare vagrant in Taiwan, with the first sighting of R. fuliginosa being recorded in 2007.[7] Four other members of the genus Rhyothemis are found throughout the island in its absence, Rhyothemis regia, Rhyothemis severini, Rhyothemis triangularis, and Rhyothemis variegata.[12]

Habitat

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The butterfly flutterer prefers inland freshwater wetlands, with a particular interest in wetland regions with aquatic plants. Habitats include: marshes, swamps, permanent freshwater lakes, permanent freshwater marshes, artificial ponds, and aquaculture ponds.[13][1] Flights have been seen to occur in plains, mountainous areas, hills, and satoyama watersides. Because of their flight capabilities, R. fuliginosa adults tend to be able to venture further outside of their wetland habitats.[11] During the evenings, adults venture into the forests to rest in the canopy.[13]

Ecology

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Rhyothemis fuliginosa feeds on flying insects, with mosquitoes being favored as prey.[3]

Mating is short, and egg laying occurs almost immediately following mating. Eggs are deposited by the female on the surface of freshwater bodies.[13][6] R. fuliginosa overwinters as a larva, feeding on small insects.[11]

It has been previously known to exhibit swarming behavior, however as a result of habitat depletion and pollution with insecticide use, there has been significant population decline within Japan.[5][3] Increasing urbanization has resulted visible population decline, with the butterfly flutterer becoming less and less abundant within metropolitan areas.[11][10]

Etymology

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R. fuliginosa on a lotus.

The species epithet is derived from Latin fuliginosus meaning "sooty." The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek ῥυῆναι, rhyēnai, meaning "having flown," and θέμις, -themis in Ancient Greek, meaning "customary law," a name invoked in many Libellulid genera named by Hermann August Hagen (such as Erythemis or Trithemis). Along with being an epithet which is shared by the Greek goddess of the same name, Themis. Fliedner and Martins suspect during the naming of Rhyothemis by Hagen, the prefix was inspired by the (at the time) recently discovered Rhyolite, a multicolored volcanic rock resembling the iridescent wings exhibited by the genus.[14]

The English language names refer to the Japanese language name, which directly translates to "butterfly dragonfly." The common name refers to the wide, iridescent wings along with the unique fluttering flight the species exhibits which resembles that of a butterfly.[3][9][11] It shares this Japanese common name with the related Rhyothemis variegata, which is known as オキナワチョウトンボ (okinawa chou-tonbo, "Okinawa butterfly dragonfly").[15]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Wilson, K. D. P. (16 March 2007). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhyothemis fuliginosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  2. ^ "Rhyothemis fuliginosa". www.mindat.org. Mindat. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Hooper, Rowan (26 May 2005). "Butterfly dragonfly". The Japan Times. News2u Holdings. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d "デジタルトンボ図鑑－チョウトンボ". www.odonata.jp (in Japanese). 神戸のトンボ Odonata of KOBE. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d "チョウトンボ". コトバンク - Kotobank (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun Company. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d "チョウトンボ". tombozukan.net (in Japanese). Tonbo Zukan (Dragonfly Encyclopedia). Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  7. ^ a b He, Wenqi; Qiu, Hanyan; Tang, Xinjie; Wi, Rongxuan; Chen, Cilong (1 July 2007). "三種台灣新紀錄蜻蜓, Three Species of Dragonflies Newly Recorded to Taiwan". 特有生物研究. 9 (2): 53–62. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  8. ^ "나비잠자리". Naver Terms (in Korean). Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d Muramatsu, Yoshiyu (25 October 2018). "チョウトンボ". 昆虫写真図鑑 ムシミル (in Japanese). Mushimiru (ムシミル). Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  10. ^ a b "チョウトンボ". www.insects.jp (in Japanese). 昆虫エクスプローラ (Insect Explorer - Konchuu Ekusupurora). Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "チョウトンボ | 昆虫図鑑". konchu-zukan.info (in Japanese). Konchuzukan. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  12. ^ "三角蜻蜓". 隨意窩 Xuite日誌. 2 August 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  13. ^ a b c "昆虫の写真・観察地域 チョウトンボ（トンボ科）". kunaicho.go.jp (in Japanese). Imperial Household Agency. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  14. ^ Fliedner, Heinrich; Martens, Andreas (2008). "The meaning of the scientific names of Seychelles dragonflies(Odonata)" (PDF). Phelsuma. 16: 49–57. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  15. ^ "チョウトンボ - 昆虫 - 動物 - Yahoo!きっず図鑑". kids.yahoo.co.jp (in Japanese). Yahoo! Kids. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
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