Richard Two Elk is a Native American combat veteran, journalist and civil rights activist. He is perhaps best known for participation in the Wounded Knee incident in the 1970s and for being a radio host.
Richard Two Elk | |
|---|---|
| Two Elk | |
| Born | 1952 (age 71–72) |
| Nationality | American Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Combat veteran Activist Medical NCO Radio Host Educational consultant Journalist |
| Years active | 1973–present |
| Organization | American Indian Movement |
| Known for | Wounded Knee incident |
| Relatives | Aaron Two Elk (biological brother)[1] Arlo Looking Cloud (adopted brother)[2] Kodid (daughter)[3] Alix (son)[3] |
| Website | Two Elk Enterprise |
Early life
editRichard Two Elk was born in Rapid City, South Dakota, and spent his life growing up in different parts of the United States.[1] Two Elk is a direct descendant of Oglala Dakota Chief Two Elk.[4][5] Richard's brother, Aaron Two Elk, also served in the military during Vietnam and was the president of an Atlanta-based organization, American Land Struggles in Atlanta, and participated as a longtime member of the American Indian Movement.[6] An obituary indicated that Aaron Two Elk died on 5 March 1994 after suffering a massive coronary on 4 March 1999, went into a state of coma and contracted pneumonia while in the hospital.[7]
Career
editTwo Elk's career in public radio began in 1977 on a weekly Native American radio program on Pacifica Radio station KPFA-FM in Berkeley, California. When he returned to Boulder, Colorado in the fall of 1978, he collaborated with Native American students to develop a Native American radio program at KGNU-FM.[3] He remained with the station until 1983, when he enlisted in the United States Army. Two Elk served in the army from 1983 to 1987 as a medical non-commissioned officer.[8] After serving in the military, Two Elk has been affiliated with KGNU on a casual basis since 1990, and hosted "WinterCamp Chronicles: Indian Voices of Our Times" once a month on KGNU over the past 2 years.[3] Two Elk has also established his own Multimedia Production company, OG Productions.[9]
Activism
editRichard Two Elk was a member of the Denver chapter of the American Indian Movement. He was a member of the organization from 1970 to 1975, but stopped being an active member because "he did not feel like being used anymore."[1]
At some point during the Wounded Knee incident, Richard Two Elk came into contact with civil rights activist Ray Robinson. Although Robinson was declared legally dead, the whereabouts of his body still remain unknown.[10] Robinson's death was attributed to an inability to follow orders. AIM member Richard Two Elk stated about the incident that, "He would eat what little food we had. There was no food so everyone was trying not to eat and this guy was eating freely all the time."[1] Of her husband, Cheryl claimed that, "Ray did not respond well to that authoritative direction."[11] Richard Two Elk also claimed that Robinson was actually the aggressor in the incident that led to Ray being shot. "I think it was just a reaction. He jumped up and he had a knife and started moving and someone reacted. It happened in a couple of seconds. I think it was someone's gut level reaction in the middle of a firefight."[12] Two Elk also alleged that Dennis Banks, founder of the American Indian Movement, ordered members (including Richard) around the Easter holiday, to 'take care' of a White guy who was suspected of being an informant.[13] The White male was tied to a cross in a mock crucifixion style, beat the man and the man was led away, never to be seen by Two Elk again.[13]
Two Elk would later provide testimony in the federal trial involving the murder of activist Annie Mae Pictou-Aquash. Richard testified to the fact that Arlo Looking Cloud contacted him around the Fall season of 1994, asking for advice on how to respond to authorities who were investigating the murder, in which Looking Cloud admitted to being involved in the case.[1] Two Elk indicated he believed his adopted brother was involved in Anna Mae's murder, and that over the years, Looking Cloud was only "acting on orders."[14]
Looking Cloud was convicted in the murder of Annie Mae Pictou-Aquash in 2004.[15]
Two Elk would later publish a video entitled "Richard Two Elk on Wounded Knee and the Truth-Hijacked & Blinded: The Stolen Legacy of Wounded Knee," in which he criticizes some of the motivations and actions of the American Indian Movement.[16] He was especially critical of the "Wounded Knee" program/TV series broadcast on PBS network, "We Shall Remain." He referred to the 'Wounded Knee siege' segment as being "arguably the most massaged documentary in history."[13]
Legacy
editTwo Elk would go on to testify about the events which took place during the Wounded Knee incident. He would write the foreword to the book, American Indian Mafia: An FBI Agent's True Story about Wounded Knee, Leonard Peltier, and the American Indian Movement, authored by Joseph H. Trimbach and John M. Trimbach,[17] which served as a recount of the events which surrounded the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and the American Indian Movement during the 1970s from the perspective of a former FBI Chief Agent.[18]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f "Testimony of Richard Two Elk in the Trial of Arlo Looking Cloud". JFAMR. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ "Russ Means holds press conference on Annie Mae's murder 11-3-99". Indian Country News. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Richard Two Elk Host, InDigitNess Voice". KUBO. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ "Where's Wardo? (Ward Churchill, that is!)". Legend of Pine Ridge. 30 August 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ "No Parole Peltier Association". Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Coffin, Zachary (13 July 1999). "Aaron Two Elk Protesting Contra Aid at Richard B. Russell Federal Building". The Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Murphy, Sheridan (13 July 1999). "Florida AIM Mourns Aaron Two Elk's Passing". The People's Path. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ "Interview with Richard Two Elk about Arlo Looking Cloud and AIM". Indian Country News. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ "MULTI-MEDIA PRODUCTION OG Productions". Two Elk Tripod. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Lammers, Dirk (20 February 2014). "FBI confirms activist Ray Robinson was killed in South Dakota in 1973". The Grio. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ "FBI confirms black activist was killed during 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee". CBS. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ Walker, Carson (16 January 2004). "Slain Activist Had Roots In Civil Rights Movement". JFAMR. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
- ^ a b c "Richard Two Elk: "The Stolen Legacy of Wounded Knee"". Legend of Pine Ridge. 9 August 2004. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ "Former AIM activist reveals allegations in Anna Mae Aquash's murder". Dick Shovel. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Merchant, Nomaan (8 December 2010). "Man testifies at US trial he saw AIM activist shot". Native Times. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ "Richard Two Elk on Wounded Knee and the Truth-Hijacked & Blinded: The Stolen Legacy of Wounded Knee". YouTube. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ "Richard Two Elk's Oral Histories of the American Indian Movement (AIM)". Legend of Pine Ridge. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Trimbach, Joseph H.; Trimbach, John M. (December 2007). American Indian Mafia: An FBI Agent's True Story about Wounded Knee, Leonard Peltier, and the American Indian Movement (Aim). Outskirts Press. ISBN 978-0979585500.