Robert Thorne (1754 – 11 March 1820)[1] was a British type founder and typographer.[2] An apprentice to Thomas Cottrell, who had been an employee of William Caslon,[3] Thorne later acquired Cottrell's type foundry.[4] He was successful in business and left a fortune of £25,000 on his death in 1820.[5][a] Thorne is buried at Holloway Road Cemetery, where his tomb is extant.[1][6]
Career
editThe beginning of Thorne's independent career is not certain; he was recorded as a typefounder in 1785, the year Cottrell died, but is only recorded as having purchased Cottrell's foundry in 1794.[6] His first specimen appeared the same year.[7] Thorne was based at first No. 6 and then No. 11 Barbican; in 1799 he was recorded as living at Church Street, Hackney.[6] In 1802 he moved premises to a former brewery in Fann Street, Aldersgate, which became known as the Fann Street Foundry.[8][6] He was recorded as a member of the London Society of Master Letter-Founders, a trade association and cartel, from 1809 onwards.[9][b] In 1817-8 Thorne considered retiring (according to Talbot Baines Reed, whose family later took over his company, he was in poor health),[8] and offered his business for sale for £8,000 but could not find a buyer.[9] On his death the business was auctioned as a single concern,[c] and bought by William Thorowgood, the co-proprietor of a pump company (according to Reed "with the proceeds, it is said, of a fortunate draw in one of the State Lotteries").[11]
Contemporary sources credit Thorne with introducing the fat face display typefaces that came to dominate poster design from around 1810 onwards, although a lack of typeface specimen books from the period, both from Thorne and from his competitors, make this hard to confirm.[12] According to Thomas Curson Hansard (1825), "the extremely bold and fat letter, now prevalent in job-printing, owes its introduction principally to Mr. Thorne, a spirited and successful letter-founder" and according to William Savage (1822) he "has been principally instrumental in the revolution that has taken place in Posting Bills by the introduction of fat types."[13][14] Reed wrote that his early types shown in 1798 formed a specimen that is "indeed one of the most elegant of which that famous decade can boast. For lightness, grace and uniformity [it] excels that of almost all his competitors" but that his later typefaces were "exceedingly thick and fat".[15] No full specimen of Thorne's survives for the last decade of his career,[12] although in Reed's view Thorowgood's of 1821 "may be taken as representing the contents of the foundry pretty much as Thorne left it" with some additions; Reed published a summary of a sale catalogue, since lost.[11][10]
In the early twentieth century several writers on printing enthusiastically rated Thorne as the villain who ruined the art of printing in England: Daniel Berkeley Updike wrote that his 1803 specimen showcased "the vilest form of type invented–up to that time" and it "should be looked at as a warning of what fashion can make men do"[16] and Stanley Morison that he "all but sent printing to perdition at one stroke".[17] More recent writers, such as Nicolete Gray and Paul Barnes, have simultaneously been more complimentary towards his work and cautioned that limited documentation means that his supposed impact on printing trends cannot be confirmed.[5][12][18]
Notes
edit- ^ Source is Nicolete Gray (1977), but she unfortunately does not list her source.
- ^ The society minuted approaching him for membership in 1803 but may have been inoperative between then and 1809, when its minute book resumes recording meetings and Thorne is recorded as a member.[9]
- ^ According to Reed's auction catalogue, on 21 June 1820 at Garraway's Coffee House, with the auction beginning at 12pm.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b Nelson 1829, p. 108.
- ^ Macmillan, Neil (2006). An A-Z of type designers. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780300111514.
- ^ Reed 1887, p. 288.
- ^ Reed 1887, p. 292.
- ^ a b Gray 1977, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d Howes, Justin; Mosley, James; Chartres, Richard. "A to Z of Founder's London: A showing and synopsis of ITC Founder's Caslon" (PDF). Friends of the St. Bride's Printing Library. St Bride Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2005. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
- ^ Mosley 1984, p. 44.
- ^ a b Reed 1887, p. 294.
- ^ a b c Musson, A. E. (1955). "The London Society of Master Letter-Founders, 1793–1820". The Library. s5-X (2): 86–102. doi:10.1093/library/s5-X.2.86.
- ^ a b Mosley 1984, p. 59.
- ^ a b Reed 1887, p. 295.
- ^ a b c Barnes, Paul. "Isambard: read the story". Commercial Type. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ^ Hansard 1825, p. 360.
- ^ Savage 1822, p. 72.
- ^ Reed 1887, p. 293.
- ^ Updike, Daniel Berkeley (1922). Printing Types. p. 196.
- ^ Morison, Stanley (2009). Selected Essays On the History of Letter-forms in Manuscript and Print. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-521-18316-1.
- ^ Barnes, Paul. "Notes on Notes". Commercial Type. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
Sources
edit- Gray, Nicolete (1977). Nineteenth Century Ornamented Typefaces.
- Hansard, Thomas Curson (1825). Typographia: an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing: With Practical Directions for Conducting Every Department in an Office: with a Description of Stereotype and Lithography. Illustrated by Engravings, Biographical Notices, and Portraits. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.
- Johnson, Alfred F. (1970). "Fat Faces: Their History, Forms and Use (1947)". Selected essays on books and printing. Van Gendt & Co. pp. 409–415. ISBN 9789063000165.
- Mosley, James (1984). British Type Specimens before 1831: a hand-list. Oxford Bibliographical Society, Bodleian Library in association with the Dept. of Typography & Graphic Communication, University of Reading. ISBN 9780901420114.
- Mosley, James (1993). Ornamented types: twenty-three alphabets from the foundry of Louis John Poucheé. I.M. Imprimit in association with the St. Bride Printing Library.
- Nelson, John (1829). The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Islington, in the County of Middlesex: Including Biographical Sketches of the Most Eminent and Remarkable Inhabitants. T. Lester.
- Reed, Talbot Baines (1887). A History of the Old English Letter Foundries. Elliot Stock.
- Savage, William (1822). Practical Hints on Decorative Printing. London. p. 72.
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