Roger C. Cumberland (November 16, 1894 – June 12, 1938) was a Presbyterian missionary who was killed while living in Duhok in the Kurdish region of northern Iraq.
Roger Cumberland | |
|---|---|
| Born | November 16, 1894 La Verne, California, U.S |
| Died | June 12, 1938 (aged 43) Dohuk, Iraq |
| Occupation | Presbyterian missionary |
| Years active | 1922–1938 |
| Known for | Pioneering philanthropy in Iraqi Kurdistan; violent death in Duhok; Letters and articles about interwar Kurdistan |
Cumberland was born on November 16, 1894 in La Verne, California.[1] He served as a field artillery officer for a year between his junior and senior year of college, and enlisted to serve in the First World War in 1917, but the war ended before he was deployed.[2] He graduated in 1919 from Occidental College in Los Angeles and then 1922 from McCormick Theological Seminary.[3] He arrived in Iraq in April 1923 to work as a missionary.[4][5] His work began with the East Persia Mission, from where he went to Mosul, and afterwards to Dohuk. His New York Times obituary noted that he "made long trips to the villages of tribesmen, lived with the people and established Christian centers among them."[3]
The United Mission in Mesopotamia was founded in 1924 by the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., the Reformed Church in America, and the Reformed Church in the United States. The mission had two schools: Baghdad High School Mansour, a girls' school in West Baghdad; and the School of High Hope, a boys' school in Basra. In the 1960s, the United Mission established a relief fund in Cumberland's name.[6]
His wife Harriet Gilbert Gunn, who he married in 1927, was the daughter of missionaries to the Philippines. They had two daughters.[7] Cumberland considered himself a man of the American West. He is reported to have said, "The blood of the pioneer is in me. I love the frontier."[2]
Cumberland left behind numerous letters describing his life in Iraq, which describe meetings with figures including "the Patriarch of the Nestorian Church, the American Consul Thomas Owens, and an official with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company". His early time in Iraq coincided with the Barzanji Revolt of 1922–24, whose upheavals he reported in his letters.[4] His summary observations about the Kurds were published in a missionary journal in 1926.[8]
By 1926, Cumberland had bought a thousand acres of land, including the Assyrian village of Babillu, ten miles east of Duhok. The village reportedly cost $500.[4]
By 1936 a military coup had taken place and was followed with the overthrow of that military officer by Nuri al-Said in 1937. Religious liberties began to decline and Cumberland received threats. On June 12, 1938, Cumberland was visited by two men who he talked to for an hour. One was the son of the agha of the village of Besifki, an hour's drive away. When Cumberland turn to pick up some CHristian literature at their request, they shot and killed Cumberland, and later his servant Musa. According to Dunn, "The murder was attributed to religious fanaticism, but the specific motives of the killers were more ambiguous."[4][7]
There is some controversy over the rightful ownership of lands which Cumberland gave to Assyrian Christians in the area.[9]
It is possible to visit the house in Duhok where Cumberland lived.[10]
Bibliography
edit- Crescent Library's 7-page summary of his life, drawing on his unpublished letters (anon & undated, but c.2023)
- Robert Blincoe, Ethnic Realities and the Church: Lessons from Kurdistan. a History of Mission Work, 1668-1990 (Second Edition), Pasadena, CA: William Carey Publishing, 2019.
- Charles A. Dana and Joe P. Dunn, A Death in Dohuk: Roger C. Cumberland, Mission and Politics among the Kurds in Northern Iraq, 1923-1938 Journal of Third World Studies. 32 (1): 245–271. [1]
- Tijmen C. Baarda (2023) Missionary involvement with the Simele massacre in 1933: the end of American sympathy for the Assyrians, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, DOI: 10.1080/13530194.2023.2233218 [2]
References
edit- ^ "FamilySearch.org". ancestors.familysearch.org. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
- ^ a b Dunn, Joe P. (2015). "A Death in Dohuk: Roger C. Cumberland, Mission and Politics Among the Kurds in Northern Iraq, 1923-1938". Journal of Third World Studies. 32 (1): 245–271. ISSN 8755-3449. JSTOR 45178577.
- ^ a b "REV. ROGER CUMBERLAND; Presbyterian Missionary Dies at Post in Iraq". timesmachine.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
- ^ a b c d Dunn, Joe P. (2015-03-22). "A Death in Dohuk: Roger C. Cumberland, Mission and Politics among the Kurds in Northern Iraq, 1923-1938". Journal of Third World Studies. 32 (1): 245. ISSN 8755-3449.
- ^ "REV. ROGER CUMBERLAND; Presbyterian Missionary Dies at Post in Iraq". The New York Times. 1938-06-15. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
- ^ "The United Mission in Iraq". Presbyterian Historical Society. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
- ^ a b "Iraq, Iran, and the Missionary Experience". www.reformiert-online.net. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
- ^ Cumberland, Roger C. (1926). "The Kurds" (PDF). The Muslim World. 16 (2): 150–157. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1926.tb00614.x. ISSN 1478-1913.
- ^ Davis, Taiyo (2019-12-04). "Kurdish Tribes Stealing Assyrian Christian Lands". Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
- ^ "Carolinas Committee on U.S.–Arab Relations Newslines" (PDF). June 2013.