Roger Shakespear also written as Roger Shakespeare (flourished 1777–1782) was a botanical collector.[1] He is known to have collected specimens in South America, North America and Jamaica for Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820) and Dr John Fothergill (1712–1780).[2][3][1]
Roger Shakespear | |
|---|---|
| Occupation | Botanical collector |
| Years active | 1777-1782 |
| Employer(s) | Joseph Banks John Fothergill (physician) |
Roger Shakespear may also be the "Mr. Shakespear" recorded as collecting fish from Jamaica and sending them to the British Museum, where they were catalogued by Daniel Solander (1733–1782) in the 1760s.[4][5] Some of these fish were then sent to the Faculty of Medicine at Montpellier by Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet (1761–1807), then to the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris by 1828, where they were studied by Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) and Achille Valenciennes (1794–1865).[4]
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Roger Shakespear contacted John Fothergill circa July 1777, seeking a plant-collecting assignment but needing £100 to fund it. Fothergill had high estimation of Shakespear's talent: "he will be able to collect specimens in perfection - and to send us the seed."[2] Fothergill petitioned several friends, alongside himself, to each contribute a £20 stake to Shakespear's trip: James Lee (Scottish nurseryman and botanist, 1715–1795), William Malcolm (a London nurseryman, d. 1798), Dr William Pitcairn (botanist and physician at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1712–1791) and Joseph Banks.[2] [The £100 Shakespear needed for his expenses roughly equates to a modern value of £11,000 as of May 2024].[6]
Shakespear can be placed in Jamaica in the year 1777 thanks to dated specimens he collected, e.g. Columnea hirsuta[7] and Marcgravia brownei[8] and the ferns Osmunda regalis [9] and Hymenophyllum sericeum.[10]
On 2 April 1779 Matthew Wallen of Jamaica wrote to Joseph Banks to say he had some plants ready for Shakespear, and was going to arrange Shakespear a passage to the Bay of Honduras.[11]
Perhaps relating to Shakespear's intention to travel to the Bay of Honduras in 1779, the entomologist Dru Drury (1725–1803) owned and described a specimen of a giant damselfly from the Bay of Honduras, number 79 in his cabinet, which he had labelled with its collector's name: "Libellula caerulata, Muskito Shore. Mr Shakespear, 1779."[12][13] First described by Drury as Lestes caerulatus, this damselfly species is now known as Megaloprepus caerulatus (Drury, 1782).[14]
Roger Shakespear is recorded as having collected the plants "purple spider-wort" [Tradescantia discolor, now known as Rhoeo discolor (L'Hér.)] and "yellow flower-fence" Guilandina moringa in Honduras in 1782, which were planted in the garden of Hinton East (d. 1792) at Liguanea, Jamaica.[15] Hinton East was Receiver General of Jamaica and his botanical collections were later transferred to the Hope Estate, part of which eventually became the Hope Botanical Gardens.[16]
Legacy
editBotanical specimens collected by Roger Shakespear are held in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London,[7][8][10] National Museums Liverpool,[3] and the Linnean Society of London, where they are part of the herbarium collection which once belonged to James Edward Smith (1759–1828).[17]
Note
editRoger Shakespear, contemporary Naval Captain
editA Captain Roger Shakespear of the Royal Navy appears in the historical record as active in the West Indies contemporaneously with Roger Shakespear the botanical collector. Captain Roger Shakespear was Regulating Captain for Kingston and the Windward Parishes, and was advertising to recruit men for an expedition by King's Proclamation in November 1779.[18] Regulating Captains were employed to examine men impressed by press gangs, and were often elderly or had no prospect of going to sea themselves.[19] However Roger Shakespear of the Jamaica Volunteers was an active participant in the San Juan Expedition, making contact with the St Blas Indians to seek assistance, and was later listed as having drowned on 7 April 1780.[20][21] Roger Shakespear the botanical collector appears to have been alive and active until at least 1782.[15]
References
edit- ^ a b Britten, James (1931). A biographical index of deceased British and Irish botanists. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 272 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b c Booth, Christopher C (2002). "The Correspondence of Dr John Fothergill with Sir Joseph Banks". The Journal of the Friends Historical Society. 59 (3): 220 – via School of Advanced Study, University of London.
- ^ a b Edmondson, John (2004). "North American Plant Collections in the Liverpool Museum Herbarium (LIV)" (PDF). Vulpia (3): 1–31 – via North Caroline State University.
- ^ a b Wheeler, Alwyne (1986). "Catalogue of the Natural History drawings commissioned by Joseph Banks on the Endeavour Voyage 1768-1771 held in the British Museum (Natural History) Part 3: Zoology: The Collection as a Zoological Resource". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series. 13: 24–25. doi:10.5962/p.310432 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Wheeler, Alwyne (1984). "Daniel Solander and the Zoology of Cook's voyage". Archives of Natural History. 11 (3): 506. doi:10.3366/anh.1984.11.3.505 – via Edinburgh University Press.
- ^ value calculated using the UK National Archives Historic Currency converter 1270-2017 (www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/), then the Bank of England's inflation calculator (https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/inflation-calculator )
- ^ a b "Collection specimens - Specimens - BM000992289 - Data Portal". data.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ a b "Collection specimens - Specimens - BM000939042 - Data Portal". data.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
- ^ Jenman, G S (1898). Fawcett, William (ed.). "Ferns: Synoptical List: LII". Bulletin of the Botanical Dept., Jamaica. V (I): 157 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "Collection specimens - Specimens - BM000936780 - Data Portal". data.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ Banks, Joseph; Dawson, Warren R (1958). The Banks letters : a calendar of the manuscript correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks preserved in the British Museum, the British Museum (Natural History) and other collections in Great Britain. Vol. 1958. Trustees of the British Museum. p. 850 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Donovan, E (1826). "Entomology". The Naturalist's Repository, or, Monthly Miscellany of Exotic Natural History. 4 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Drury, Dru; Westwood, J O (1837). Illustrations of exotic entomology : containing upwards of six hundred and fifty figures and descriptions of foreign insects, interspersed with remarks and reflections on their nature and properties [originally published 1770-1782]. London: Henry G. Bohn. p. 77 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ "World Odonata List". www.pugetsound.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
- ^ a b Edwards, Bryan; Young, Sir William; Broughton, Arthur (1801). "Hortus Eastiensis: or a Catalogue of Exotic Plants, in the Garden of Horton East, Esq: In the Mountains of Liguanea, in the Island of Jamaica, at the Time of his Decease". The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies. Vol. III. London: John Stockdale. pp. 375, 381.
- ^ "Hope Botanical Gardens". www.visitjamaica.com. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
- ^ "Item matches "Shakespear" - The Linnean Collections". linnean-online.org. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
- ^ "By the King - A Proclamation". Royal Gazette of Jamaica [Supplement to the Jamaica Mercury]. 20 November 1779. p. 9 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "regulating captain". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ "Documents and Correspondence, 1779 and Documents and Correspondence, 1780". Collections of the New York Historical Society for the Year 1884 [The Kemble Papers]. New York. 1885. pp. 190, 192, 247, 378 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "West Indies: Accounts from Fort St Juan". Scots Magazine, and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany. 42 (October 1780): 538. October 1780 – via Google Books.