In 1924, following concerns about the treatment of addicts by doctors, James Smith Whitaker suggested to the Home Office who suggested to the Ministry of Health Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction be formed under the chairmanship of Sir Humphry Rolleston to[1] "... consider and advise as to the circumstances, if any, in which the supply of morphine and heroin (including preparations containing morphine and heroin) to persons suffering from addiction to those drugs may be regarded as medically advisable, and as to the precautions which it is desirable that medical practitioners administering or prescribing morphine or heroin should adopt for the avoidance of abuse, and to suggest any administrative measures that seem expedient for securing observance of such precautions".[2] The committee is usually referred to as the Rolleston Committee.
The Rolleston Report
editThe committee recommended that gradual reduction in the amount of drug consumed was the best method of treatment and that there should be no restrictions on the doctors allowed to prescribe morphine and heroin, their methods of treatment, or the quantity they could supply, although authority to supply could be withdrawn from over-prescribing doctors.
They allowed doctors to prescribe addictive drugs in a controlled manner, in the same way as they supplied other drugs. This became known as the 'British System' of drug supply and control.[3]
They allowed addicts who could not be cured to be maintained on a, usually small, amount of a drug.[4][5]
They said that addiction was a middle class phenomenon, so criminal sanctions were unnecessary, as few criminal or lower class addicts were known.
They added that addiction to such drugs as heroin or morphine was a minor problem in Great Britain.[6]
Formalities
editThe terms of reference given by the Minister of Health (John Wheatley) when first appointing the committee on 30 September 1924, and appointing Rolleston as its chairman, had been
To consider and advise as to the circumstances, if any, in which the supply of morphine and heroin (including preparations containing morphine and heroin) to persons suffering from addiction to those drugs may be regarded as medically advisable, and as to the precautions which it is desirable that medical practitioners administering or prescribing morphine or heroin should adopt for the avoidance of abuse, and to suggest any administrative measures that seem expedient for securing observance of such precautions.[7]
Some months later, on 12 February 1925, the Minister of Health (Neville Chamberlain) added
To consider and advise whether it is expedient that any or all preparations which contain morphine or heroin of a percentage lower than that specified in the Dangerous Drugs Acts should be brought within the provisions if the Acts and Regulations and, if so, under what conditions.[8]
The committee's report to the Minister of Health (Chamberlain) contained the committee's findings about precautions when allowing morphine or heroin to be administered to addicts and in allowing the use of those substances in ordinary medical treatment. On the question of the scope of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5. c. 46) the report concluded that there was little if any abuse or danger of addiction arising from any preparations then excluded from the scope of the Dangerous Drugs Acts with the possible exception of Chlorodyne, and the report tentatively proposed that no preparation should be sold under the name Chlorodyne which contained more than 0.1 per cent of morphine.[8]
Consequences
editThe Rolleston Committee Report was followed by "a period of nearly forty years of tranquillity in Britain, known as the Rolleston Era. During this period the medical profession regulated the distribution of licit opioid supplies and the provisions of the Dangerous Drugs Acts of 1920 and 1923 controlled illicit supplies."[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Heroin addiction care and control: the British System, HB Spear, page 30, para 4
- ^ "The Appointment of the Rolleston Committee". The Shipman Inquiry - Fourth Report - The Rolleston Report 1926. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Transform Drug Policy Foundation. "A history of drug prohibition and a prediction for its abolition and replacement". Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ The Rolleston Report, Conclusions and Recommendations: The circumstances in which morphine and heroin may legitimately be administered to addicts, para 8
- ^ Mars, Sarah (February 2003). "Heroin Addiction Care and Control: the British System 1916 to 1984". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (2): 99–100. doi:10.1177/014107680309600215. PMC 539406.
Persons for whom, after every effort has been made for the cure of the addiction, the drug cannot be completely withdrawn, either because:-
i. Complete withdrawal produces serious symptoms which cannot be satisfactorily treated under the ordinary condition of private practice; or
ii. The patient, while capable of leading a useful and fairly normal life so long as he takes a certain non-progressive quantity, usually small, of the drug of addiction, ceases to be able to do so when the regular allowance is withdrawn. - ^ "Rolleston Report of 1926 (U.K.)". Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011.
- ^ The Shipman Inquiry: the regulation of controlled drugs in the community. fourth report. The Stationery Office. 1 January 2004. p. 46. ISBN 9780101624923. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction (Rolleston) 1926, Minute of Appointment of the Committee" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2013.
- ^ THE BRITISH EXPERIENCE WITH HEROIN REGULATION, TREVOR BENNETT, Senior Research Associate, Institute of Criminology, Cambridge, England, 1988