The Rolls-Royce SMR, also known as the UK SMR,[1] is a small modular reactor (SMR) design being developed by the Rolls-Royce (RR) company in the United Kingdom.
| Rolls-Royce SMR | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Status | Regulatory Assessment |
| Main parameters of the reactor core | |
| Fuel (fissile material) | 235U |
| Primary moderator | light water |
| Primary coolant | light water |
| Reactor usage | |
| Operator/owner | Rolls-Royce Holdings (76%, November 2023) |
| Website | www |
The company has been given financial support by the UK Government to develop its design. In 2019 it was estimated that the 470 MWe units would cost around £1.8 billion once in full production, compared with £22 billion for a full-sized nuclear power station such as the planned 3,300 MWe Sizewell C. Construction time and site size needed would also be lower.
History
editRR began design work on the SMR c. 2015 with a team of about 150 people, with decisions made near the start of the project to use light water[a] as both coolant and moderator.[2]
In 2016, it was reported that the UK Government was assessing Welsh SMR sites - including the former Trawsfynydd nuclear power station - and on the site of former nuclear or coal-fired power stations in Northern England. Existing nuclear sites including Bradwell, Hartlepool, Heysham, Oldbury, Sizewell, Sellafield and Wylfa were stated to be possibilities.[3]
In 2017, the consortium headed by RR needed to seek UK government finance to support further development.[2][4][5] In December 2017 The UK government provided funding of up to £56 million over three years to support SMR research and development.[6]
In 2018, the UK SMR industry sought billions of pounds of government support to finance their putative First of a Kind projects. The Expert Finance Working Group on Small Reactors produced a report stating that there was "a current market failure in supporting nuclear projects generally" and identifying options for government to support SMR development in the UK.[7][8]
In 2019, the government committed a further £18 million to the development from its Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, to begin designing the modular system.[9][10] In November 2021, the UK government provided funding of £210 million to further develop the design, partly matched by £195 million of investment by Rolls-Royce Group, BNF Resources UK Limited and Exelon Generation Limited.[11][12] At that point they expected the first unit would be completed in the early 2030s.[13]
In 2022, the CEO stated that the Rolls-Royce SMR investment business case was based on selling many hundreds of SMRs by 2050.[14]
On 1 April 2022, the regulatory Generic Design Assessment (GDA) of the Rolls-Royce SMR started.[15] The assessment will begin once the timescales and resources have been agreed.[16] The assessment is likely to take about 4 years, and be complete by 2026.[17][14]
In October 2022, Rolls-Royce announced that it was exploring eight possible sites in the UK to build the first of three expected factories for parts of the SMR.[18] In November 2022, four sites were identified suitable for multiple SMR units: Trawsfynydd, Sellafield, near Wylfa, and near Oldbury.[19]
In March 2023, Rolls-Royce stated that the current programme funding of £500 million will run out by the end of 2024, and requested negotiations with the UK government to find fresh investment. Hiring of new staff was stopped. About 600 staff work on the programme in Derby, Warrington and Manchester.[19][20] At the end of March 2023, the CEO and finance officer of the SMR unit were replaced by the newly appointed CEO of Rolls-Royce.[21]
In July 2023, Energy Secretary Grant Shapps said he was launching an international competition to select up to four different SMR technologies "to go through to the final design stage", supported by up to £157 million of finance. He said the final investment decision will be taken by the next parliament, and UK SMRs might start operating by the 2030s.[22]
In November 2023, Rolls-Royce owned 76% of Rolls-Royce SMR Limited, with minority investments by the Perrodo family 11%, Qatar 10% and Constellation Energy 3%.[23]
In April 2024, Rolls-Royce announced it had dropped plans to build a SMR pressure vessel factory, instead buying them from a third party supplier, with Sheffield Forgemasters in the UK being a possible supplier.[24] In August 2024, Rolls-Royce SMR stated it was seeking further investment, for a stake in the subsidiary, to finance the company in 2025.[23] In 2024, the cost of each SMR was expected to be between £2 billion and £3 billion.[25]
Design
edit| External image | |
|---|---|
 Cross section of Rolls-Royce SMR (CGI render) |
RR is preparing a small modular reactor (SMR) design called the UK SMR, a close-coupled three-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) design.[26] Power output was initially designed to be 440 MWe, and subsequently increased to 470 MWe which is above the usual range considered to be a SMR.[2][27][26] It should be able to power a city the size of Sheffield.[9]
The intended fuel is uranium dioxide (UO2).[28] A modular forced draft cooling tower will be used.[26] The design targets a 500 day construction time, on a 10 acres (4 ha) site.[28][29] Overall build time is expected to be four years, two years for site preparation and two years for construction and commissioning.[30]
The target cost for a 470 MWe Rolls-Royce SMR unit is £1.8 billion for the fifth unit built,[31] or around £3.8 million per MWe. As a comparison the estimated cost for the full-size 3.3 GWe Sizewell C nuclear power station is £22 billion,[9] or around £6.7 million per MWe.
See also
edit- List of small modular reactor designs
- Nuclear power in the United Kingdom
- U-Battery, a micro-SMR development also supported by the UK Government
References
editNotes
edit- ^ The term light water is used to specifically distinguish from heavy water in the context of a nuclear reactor
Footnotes
edit- ^ Yurman 2019.
- ^ a b c WNN 2017a.
- ^ McCann 2016.
- ^ WNN 2017b.
- ^ Hollinger & Pfeifer 2018.
- ^ NEI 2017.
- ^ Vaughan 2018.
- ^ DBEIS 2018.
- ^ a b c Rowlatt 2020.
- ^ WNN 2019a.
- ^ BBC 2021a.
- ^ DBEIS 2021.
- ^ WNN 2021.
- ^ a b "Corrected oral evidence: UK energy supply and investment". Economic Affairs Committee (Lords). UK Parliament. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
Tom Samson: We anticipate selling many hundreds of these units between now and 2050. That is a business case upon which we have attracted the capital today and those investors who came to the table in November last year have done their analysis. We have done market studies and research, and with that cost competitiveness there is a huge demand for this technology. That is the premise on which we are building the business.
- ^ "Rolls-Royce SMR begins UK Generic Design Assessment". Nuclear Engineering International. 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- ^ "Current reactors being assessed". Office for Nuclear Regulation. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ "New nuclear power stations: assessing reactor designs". Environment Agency. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2023 – via gov.uk.
- ^ "Two sites added to Rolls-Royce SMR's UK factory shortlist : Corporate – World Nuclear News". world-nuclear-news.org. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Rolls-Royce SMR faces financial problems". Nuclear Engineering International. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- ^ Mustoe, Howard; Ping, Szu Chan (10 March 2023). "Rolls-Royce mini-nukes project at risk". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ Mustoe, Howard (31 March 2023). "Rolls-Royce mini-nukes head ousted as new boss overhauls top team". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ Parker, George; Pickard, Jim; Millard, Rachel (18 July 2023). "Rolls-Royce in a 'good position' to develop small nuclear power plants". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ^ a b Oliver, Matt (3 August 2024). "Rolls-Royce to sell stake in mini-nukes arm". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
- ^ Oliver, Matt (27 April 2024). "Rolls-Royce scales back plans to build nuclear factories in UK". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ Oliver, Matt (9 October 2024). "Rolls-Royce suffers £78m loss on mini-nukes amid UK rollout delays". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
- ^ a b c Macfarlane-Smith 2021.
- ^ Rolls-Royce 2017b.
- ^ a b Rolls-Royce 2017a.
- ^ Paige 2020.
- ^ IAEA 2019.
- ^ WNN 2019b.
Sources
edit- BBC (9 November 2021a). "Rolls-Royce gets funding to develop mini nuclear reactors". BBC. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- DBEIS (7 August 2018). Market framework for financing small nuclear (PDF). Expert Finance Working Group on Small Reactors (Report). Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- DBEIS (9 November 2021). "UK backs new small nuclear technology with £210 million". Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. Retrieved 9 November 2021 – via gov.uk.
- Hollinger, Peggy; Pfeifer, Sylvia (22 July 2018). "Rolls-Royce threatens to end 'mini-nuke' project for lack of support". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
- IAEA (30 September 2019). Status Report - UK SMR (PDF). Rolls-Royce and Partners (Report). IAEA. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- McCann, Kate (2 April 2016). "Mini nuclear power stations in UK towns move one step closer". The Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- Macfarlane-Smith, Sophie (8 September 2021). "Rolls-Royce SMR - Nuclear Academics Meeting" (PDF). Rolls-Royce. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- NEI (11 December 2017). "UK government announces support for nuclear innovation". Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- Paige, Jessica (24 January 2020). "Rolls-Royce leads consortium to build small nuclear reactors in the UK". POWER. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- Rolls-Royce (2017a). UK SMR (PDF) (Report). Rolls-Royce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
- Rolls-Royce (2017b). UK SMR: A National Endeavour (PDF) (Report). Rolls-Royce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- Rowlatt, Justin (11 November 2020). "Rolls-Royce plans 16 mini-nuclear plants for UK". BBC News. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- Vaughan, Adam (30 September 2018). "Energy firms demand billions from UK taxpayer for mini reactors". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- WNN (13 June 2017a). "Rolls-Royce elaborates on its SMR plans". World Nuclear News. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- WNN (12 September 2017b). "UK SMR consortium calls for government support". World Nuclear News. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- WNN (23 July 2019a). "UK commits funding to Rolls-Royce SMR". World Nuclear News. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- WNN (7 November 2019b). "UK confirms funding for Rolls-Royce SMR". World Nuclear News. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- WNN (9 November 2021). "Rolls-Royce secures funding for SMR deployment". World Nuclear News. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- Yurman, Dan (20 November 2019). "Rolls-Royce wants innovative financing for its first-of-a-kind nuclear SMRs". Energy Post. Amsterdam. Retrieved 12 October 2020.