The Rondonia warbling antbird or Rondonia antwarbler[2], (Hypocnemis ochrogyna) is a Vulnerable species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia and Brazil.[3][1]
| Rondonia warbling antbird | |
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;_Pimenteiras_d%27Oeste,_Rond%C3%B4nia,_Brazil.jpg)
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| Female | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | Hypocnemis |
| Species complex: | Hypocnemis cantator complex |
| Species: | H. ochrogyna
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| Binomial name | |
| Hypocnemis ochrogyna Zimmer, 1932
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| Synonyms | |
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Hypocnemis cantator ochrogyna | |
Taxonomy and systematics
editThe Rondonia warbling antbird was described by the American ornithologist John T. Zimmer in 1932 as a subspecies of the then warbling antbird Hypocnemis cantator sensu lato.[4] Following a study published in 2007 that assessed vocal differences and to a lesser degree differences in plumages among the warbling antbird's subspecies, it and several others were elevated to full species status.[3][5][6] The Rondonia warbling antbird is monotypic.[3]
Description
editThe Rondonia warbling antbird is 11 to 12 cm (4.3 to 4.7 in) long and weighs 11 to 15 g (0.39 to 0.53 oz). Adult males have a black crown with a white central streak and a white supercilium on an otherwise black and white speckled face. Their upperparts are olive-gray with a white patch between the scapulars; the center of the patch has black and white speckles. Their rump is rufous. Their flight feathers are brown with yellowish olive-brown edges and their wing coverts black with white tips. Their tail is brown with pale buff tips to the feathers. Their throat is very pale gray. Their breast and sides are spotted with black and white, their belly's center is white, and their flanks and undertail coverts are rufous. Females have the same pattern but different colors than males. Their crown is streaked with pale buff, their back is lightly streaked pale ochraceous-brown, the interscapular patch is small or absent, and their wing coverts are olive-brown with pale buff tips.[7][8]
Distribution and habitat
editThe Rondonia warbling antbird is found in the western Brazilian states of Rondônia and Mato Grosso and the eastern Bolivian departments of Beni and Santa Cruz. It primarily inhabits terra firme evergreen forest, and also várzea, adjacent mature secondary woodland, and the ecotone between forest and savannah. It mostly occurs in dense understorey vegetation at forest edges and within the forest at gaps caused by fallen trees.[7][8] In elevation it ranges as high as 1,300 m (4,300 ft).[1]
Behavior
editMovement
editThe Rondonia warbling antbird is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[7]
Feeding
editThe Rondonia warbling antbird's diet and foraging behavior are not known, but are assumed to be very similar to those of its previous "parent" H. cantator, which see here.[7]
Breeding
editNothing is known about the Rondonia warbling atbird's breeding biology.[7]
Vocalization
editThe male Rondonia warbling antbird's song is even-paced, starting with a long note followed by four to six shorter clear notes. The female's song "starts with a long note and ends in an abrupt note". The species' most common call is described as similar to that of the Guianan warbling antbird ("a brief repetitive series of 2–4 (typically three) similar, clear notes of essentially level peak frequencies, with the final notes often becoming raspy"[9]). However, "each note also becomes shorter and usually more raspy".[7] It also makes an "abrupt 'chit' ".[7]
Status
editThe IUCN originally in 2009 assessed the Rondonia warbling antbird as being of Least Concern but in 2017 uplisted it to Vulnerable. Its estimated population of 500,000 to one million mature individuals is decreasing at a significant rate.[1] "The main threat to this species is forest clearance for agriculture and cattle ranching. An estimated 60% of the species's habitat within its range has been lost in the last 40 years. The species appears to be sensitive to fragmentation."[1][10] It is considered fairly common to common and occurs in several protected areas.[7] However, it is considered Vulnerable buy Brazilian authorities.[7][10]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e BirdLife International (2017). "Rondônia Antwarbler Hypocnemis ochrogyna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22735491A119113473. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22735491A119113473.en. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2023). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy retrieved 28 December 2023
- ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ Zimmer, John T. (1932). "Hypocnemis cantator ochrogyna, new subspecies". American Museum Novitates: Studies of Peruvian Birds V (538): 14–15. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
- ^ Isler, M.L.; Isler, P.R.; Whitney, B.M. (2007). "Species limits in antbirds (Thamnophilidae): the Warbling Antbird (Hypocnemis cantator) complex". Auk. 124 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[11:SLIATT]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Lebbin, Daniel (August 2007). "Proposal (299): Split Hypocnemis cantator by elevating H. flavescens, peruviana, subflava, ochrogyna and striata to species rank". South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i del Hoyo, J., N. Collar, G. M. Kirwan, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Rondonia Warbling-Antbird (Hypocnemis ochrogyna), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ronwaa1.01 retrieved 22 June 2024
- ^ a b van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
- ^ Zimmer, K., M.L. Isler, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Guianan Warbling-Antbird (Hypocnemis cantator), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.guiwaa1.01 retrieved 21 June 2024
- ^ a b MMA (2014). Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas de Extinção. Portaria No 444, de 17 de dezembro de 2014. Diário Oficial da União – Seção 1. Nº 245, quinta-feira, 18 de dezembro de 2014.