The Rothemund reaction is a condensation/oxidation process that converts four pyrroles and four aldehydes into a porphyrin. It is based on work by Paul Rothemund, who first reported it in 1936.[1] The method underpins more modern synthesis such as those described by Adler and Longo and by Lindsey. The Rothemund reactions is common in university teaching labs.[2]
| Paul Rothemund (chemist, born 1904) | |
|---|---|
| Named after | Karl Wilhelm Rosenmund |
| Reaction type | Condensation reaction |
Method
editThe reaction employs an organic acidic medium such as acetic acid or propionic acid as typical reaction solvents. Alternatively p-toluenesulfonic acid or various Lewis acids can be used with chlorinated solvents. The aldehyde and pyrrole are heated in this medium to afford modest yields of the meso tetrasubstituted porphyrins [RCC4H2N]4H2. The reaction entails both condensation of the aldehydes with the 2,5-positions of the pyrrole but also oxidative dehydrogenation of the porphyrinogen [RCC4H2NH]4.
Reaction history
editThe multi-step syntheses of hemin and chlorophyll by Hans Fischer were awarded by a Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[3][4] This has inspired the work of his student Paul Rothemund to develop a simple one pot synthesis of porphyrins. In 1935, Paul Rothemund reported the formation of porphyrin, from a simple reaction of pyrrole with gaseous acetaldehyde or formaldehyde in methanol followed by treatment with various concentrations of hydrochloric acid.[5] One year later Paul Rothemund announced the applicability of his reaction to other aldehydes, by which he was able to explore large number of porphyrins.[6] Here he detailed the synthesis of porphine, the fundamental ring system in all the porphyrins. He performed the porphin synthesis at a temperature of 90-95 °C and high pressure in sealed pyrex glass tubes, by reacting pyrrole, 2 % formaldehyde and pyridine in methanol for 30 hours.[7]
A simplified version of Rothemund porphyrin synthesis was described by Alan D. Adler and Frederick R. Longo in 1966. It utilizes mild organic acids as catalysts and reaction medium and is conducted in open air. Seventy aldehydes gave corresponding meso-substituted porphyrins. The reaction time was shortened to 30 minutes and yields improved to 20%.[8] The Alder-Logo reaction protocol was further modified by Lindsey et al. Using Lewis acid catalyst (boron trifluoride) or strong organic acids (trifluoroacetic acid) in chlorinated solvents, yields improved to 30-40%.[9]
Green chemistry variants have been developed in which the reaction is performed with microwave irradiation using reactants adsorbed on acidic silica gel[10] or at high temperature in the gas phase.[11]
References
edit- ^ Lindsey, Jonathan S. (2010). "Synthetic Routes tomeso-Patterned Porphyrins". Accounts of Chemical Research. 43 (2): 300–311. doi:10.1021/ar900212t. PMID 19863076.
- ^ Falvo, RaeAnne E.; Mink, Larry M.; Marsh, Diane F. (1999). "Microscale Synthesis and 1H NMR Analysis of Tetraphenylporphyrins". J. Chem. Educ. 1999 (76): 237–239. Bibcode:1999JChEd..76..237M. doi:10.1021/ed076p237.
- ^ HANS, FISCHER (December 11, 1930). ""On haemin and the relationships between haemin and chlorophyll" Nobel Lecture" (PDF). nobelprize.org. The Nobel Prize and Literatures. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930". nobelprize.org/. The Nobel Prize.
- ^ P. Rothemund (1935). "Formation of Porphyrins from Pyrrole and Aldehydes". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57 (10): 2010–2011. doi:10.1021/ja01313a510.
- ^ P. Rothemund (1936). "A New Porphyrin Synthesis. The Synthesis of Porphin". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58 (4): 625–627. doi:10.1021/ja01295a027.
- ^ P. Rothemund (1936). "A New Porphyrin Synthesis. The Synthesis of Porphin". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58 (4): 625–627. doi:10.1021/ja01295a027.
- ^ Adler, Alan D.; Longo, Frederick R.; Finarelli, John D.; Goldmacher, Joel; Assour, Jacques; Korsakoff, Leonard (1967). "A simplified synthesis for meso-tetraphenylporphine". J. Org. Chem. 32 (2): 476. doi:10.1021/jo01288a053.
- ^ Lindsey, Jonathan S.; Schreiman, Irwin C.; Hsu, Henry C.; Kearney, Patrick C.; Marguerettaz, Anne M. (March 1, 1987). "Rothemund and Adler-Longo Reactions Revisited: Synthesis of Tetraphenylporphyrins under Equilibrium Conditions". J. Org. Chem. 52 (5): 827. doi:10.1021/jo00381a022.
- ^ Petit, A.; Loupy, A.; Maiuard, P.; Momenteau, M. (1992). "Microwave Irradiation in Dry Media: A New and Easy Method for Synthesis of Tetrapyrrolic Compounds". Synth. Commun. 22 (8): 1137–1142. doi:10.1080/00397919208021097.
- ^ Drain, C. M.; Gong, X. (1997). "Synthesis of meso substituted porphyrins in air without solvents or catalysts". Chem. Commun. (21): 2117–2118. doi:10.1039/A704600F.