Wikipedia

Vaccination schedule

(Redirected from Routine immunizations)
See also: Vaccination policy § By country

A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen.[2] Vaccines go through multiple phases of trials to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Example Polish call for vaccination against Diphtheria and Tetanus.
Global vaccination coverage 1980 to 2019 among one year olds[1]

Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years.[3] Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.[4]

Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, sub national areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease.[5] In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage. Sample vaccination schedules discussed by the World Health Organization show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25.[6] This difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized.

Worldwide

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The World Health Organization monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's program, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures.[7] The table below shows the types of vaccines given in example countries. The WHO publishes on its website current vaccination schedules for all WHO member states.[8] Additional vaccines are given to individuals more likely to come into contact with specific diseases through work or travel (e.g. military), or after potentially infectious exposure. Examples include rabies, anthrax, cholera and smallpox.[9][10]

Vaccines used for each infection in each country
Country Required for school Required for welfare
Hepatitis A
Sources
  Afghanistan DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV RV BCG [9]
  Albania DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV RV BCG [9]
  Algeria ✓ DTwPHib ✓ MMR IIV PCV BCG [9]
  Andorra ✓ ✓ ✓ MMR ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV [9]
  Angola DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Antigua and Barbuda DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV YF [9]
  Argentina Yes HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV Rab RV BCG YF [9]
  Armenia HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV Rab RV BCG [9]
  Australia Preschool and daycare in NSW, Vic and WA Yes HepA HepB DTaP Hib MMRV ✓ IIV HPV RV [9]
  Austria No HepA HepB Tdap IPV MMR IIV PCV HPV RV [11][9]
  Azerbaijan DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR PCV BCG [9]
  Bahamas HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV YF [9]
  Bahrain HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV Chol HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Bangladesh DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV BCG [9]
  Barbados HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV BCG YF [9]
  Belarus HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ Hib ✓ MMR IIV PCV BCG [9]
  Belgium Nurseries and daycare HepA HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV [11][9]
  Belize DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV HPV Rab BCG YF [9]
  Benin DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV BCG YF [9]
  Bhutan DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR HPV BCG [9]
  Bolivia DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV BCG YF [9]
  Botswana DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Brazil No Yes HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMRV ✓ IIV PCV Chol HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Brunei HepB DTap Hib IPV MR IIV HPV BCG [9]
  Bulgaria HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV HPV Rab RV BCG [11][9]
  Burkina Faso DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Burundi DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Cape Verde DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR HPV BCG YF [9]
  Cambodia DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR HPV JE BCG [9]
  Cameroon DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Canada In New Brunswick and Ontario HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MMRV ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Central African Republic HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ Hib ✓ ✓ PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Chad DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ BCG YF [9]
  Chile HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV HPV BCG YF [9]
  China HepA HepB DTaP ✓ ✓ JE BCG [9]
  Colombia HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV Rab RV BCG YF [9]
  Comoros DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV BCG [9]
  Congo DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Cook Islands DTaPHibHepB MR HPV BCG [9]
  Costa Rica HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV Rab RV BCG [9]
  Ivory Coast DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Croatia Nurseries, preschools and kindergartens HepB DTaP MMR IIV HPV BCG [11][9]
  Cuba DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV BCG [9]
  Cyprus HepA HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV BCG YF [11][9]
  Czech Republic HepA HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR IIV HPV BCG [11][9]
  North Korea DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ BCG [9]
  DR Congo DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Denmark No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV HPV [11][9]
  Djibouti HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ Hib ✓ ✓ PCV RV BCG [9]
  Dominica HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ Hib ✓ MMR IIV HPV BCG YF [9]
  Dominican Republic HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ Hib ✓ MMR IIV PCV HPV Rab RV BCG YF [9]
  Ecuador DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Egypt DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV BCG YF [9]
  El Salvador DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Equatorial Guinea DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ BCG YF [9]
  Eritrea DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Estonia No HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR IIV HPV RV BCG [11][9]
  Eswatini DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Ethiopia DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Fiji DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR HPV RV BCG [9]
  Finland No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMRV IIV PCV TBE HPV RV BCG [11][9]
  France Yes HepB DTaP MMR ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV BCG YF [11][9]
  Gabon DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ BCG YF [9]
  Gambia DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Georgia HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Germany No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMRV ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV [11][9]
  Ghana HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ Hib ✓ MR PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Greece HepA HepB DTaP MMRV ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Grenada DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV HPV YF [9]
  Guatemala DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Guinea DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ BCG YF [9]
  Guinea-Bissau DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Guyana DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Haiti DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV RV BCG [9]
  Honduras HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Hong Kong HepB DTaP IPV MMR ✓ PCV HPV BCG [12]
  Hungary No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV HPV BCG [9]
  Iceland No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV [9]
  India DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR JE RV BCG [9]
  Indonesia DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR HPV JE BCG [13][9]
MMR
  Iran DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV BCG YF [9]
  Iraq HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV RV BCG [9]
  Ireland No HepB TDaP MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Israel HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MMRV ✓ IIV PCV TBE HPV JE RV BCG TF YF [9]
  Italy Yes HepA DTaPHepBIPVHib MMRV ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Jamaica HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV HPV BCG YF [9]
  Japan No HepB DTap Hib IPV MR ✓ IIV[a] HPV JE BCG [9][14][15]
  Jordan HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ Hib ✓ MMR IIV RV BCG [9]
  Kazakhstan HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV TBE Rab BCG [9]
  Kenya DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Kiribati DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV RV BCG [9]
  Kuwait HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMRV ✓ IIV PCV RV BCG TF YF [9]
  Kyrgyzstan DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR PCV RV BCG [9]
  Laos DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV HPV JE RV BCG [9]
  Latvia No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV TBE HPV Rab RV BCG [9]
  Lebanon DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV [9]
  Lesotho DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Liberia DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Libya HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Lithuania No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV HPV Rab RV BCG [9]
  Luxembourg DTaPHibIPV MMRV ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV TF YF [9]
  Madagascar DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV RV BCG [9]
  Malawi DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Malaysia HepB DTaPHibIPV MR IIV HPV JE BCG YF [9]
  Maldives DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR HPV BCG YF [9]
  Mali DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Malta HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV HPV BCG [9]
  Marshall Islands DTaPHepBIPV MR ✓ IIV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Mauritania DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Mauritius HepA HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Mexico HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Micronesia DTaPHepBIPV MR HPV RV BCG [9]
  Monaco HepB ✓ ✓ Hib ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV [9]
  Mongolia HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV BCG [9]
  Montenegro HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV BCG [9]
  Morocco DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV PCV RV BCG [9]
  Mozambique DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV RV BCG [9]
  Myanmar DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR JE BCG [9]
  Namibia DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV RV BCG [9]
  Nauru DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR BCG [9]
  Nepal DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR JE BCG [9]
  Netherlands No HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV [9]
  New Zealand HepA HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR ✓ ✓ IIV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Nicaragua DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Niger DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Nigeria DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Niue DTwPHepBIPV MR IIV RV BCG [9]
  North Macedonia HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV HPV BCG [9]
  Norway No HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Oman DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV BCG TF YF [9]
  Pakistan DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ PCV RV BCG [9]
  Palau DTaPHepBIPV MR IIV HPV RV [9]
  Panama HepA HepB DTwPHib MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV Rab RV BCG YF [9]
  Papua New Guinea DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR HPV BCG [9]
  Paraguay HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Peru DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Philippines DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV HPV BCG [9]
  Poland No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV Rab BCG [9]
  Portugal No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV Rab BCG YF [9]
  Qatar HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV RV BCG [9]
  South Korea HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MR ✓ IIV HPV JE BCG TF [9]
  Moldova DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Romania No HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Russia No HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Rwanda DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Saint Kitts and Nevis DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV HPV BCG YF [9]
  Saint Lucia DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV BCG YF [9]
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR HPV BCG YF [9]
  Samoa DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR BCG [9]
  San Marino HepA HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR ✓ ✓ IIV PCV Chol HPV JE Rab YF [9]
  São Tomé and Príncipe DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Saudi Arabia HepA HepB DTaPHib MMR ✓ IIV PCV RV BCG YF [9]
  Senegal DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Serbia HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR IIV PCV BCG TF YF [9]
  Seychelles DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Sierra Leone DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Singapore HepB DTaPHibIPV MR IIV HPV BCG [9]
  Slovakia No HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR IIV PCV [9]
  Slovenia No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV TBE HPV Rab BCG [9]
  Solomon Islands DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR HPV BCG [9]
  Somalia DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ BCG [9]
  South Africa No HepB ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  South Sudan DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ BCG [9]
  Spain No HepA HepB TDaP MMRV ✓ ✓ IIV PCV Chol HPV JE YF [9]
  Sri Lanka DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR HPV JE BCG YF [9]
  Sudan DTwPHibHepB ✓ ✓ ✓ PCV RV BCG [9]
  Suriname DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV HPV Rab YF [9]
  Sweden No HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Switzerland No HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV [9]
  Syria DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV BCG [9]
  Tajikistan DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV RV BCG [9]
  Tanzania DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Thailand HepB ✓ ✓ MR IIV HPV JE RV BCG [9]
  East Timor DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR RV BCG [9]
  Togo DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG YF [9]
  Tonga DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR HPV RV BCG [9]
  Trinidad and Tobago DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV YF [9]
  Tunisia HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV BCG [9]
  Turkey HepA HepB DTaPHibIPV MMR ✓ IIV PCV BCG [9]
  Turkmenistan HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Tuvalu DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV BCG [9]
  Uganda DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Ukraine Yes DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV BCG [9]
  United Arab Emirates HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ ✓ IIV PCV Chol RV BCG YF [9]
  United Kingdom No HepB DTap Hib IPV MMR ✓ ✓ IIV PCV HPV Rab RV BCG [9]
  United States Yes HepA DTaPHepBIPV MMRV ✓ IIV PCV HPV RV [9]
  Uruguay HepA DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV HPV BCG YF [9]
  Uzbekistan DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR IIV PCV RV BCG [9]
  Vanuatu DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR HPV BCG [9]
  Venezuela DTwPHibHepB ✓ MMR ✓ IIV PCV Rab RV BCG YF [9]
  Vietnam DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR IIV JE BCG [9]
  Yemen DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV RV BCG [9]
  Zambia DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV RV BCG [9]
  Zimbabwe DTwPHibHepB ✓ MR PCV HPV RV BCG [9]
  Mandatory to all
  Mandatory to specific people
  Recommended to all
  Recommended to specific people
  Neither mandatory nor recommended to anyone
  1. ^ Category B (i.e. not even recommended but for a personal care only) for the elderly. The public insurance partially covers the vaccination cost.


By country

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Australia

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The Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunization Program (NIP) Schedule. All vaccines available under the Australian immunization schedule are free of charge under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.[16]

Vaccine Schedule for Australia: 1 April 2019[17]
Infection Birth Months Years Preg
Women
2 4 6 12 18 4 12–<13 14–<16 >15 >50 65+ 70
Rotavirus RV† RV†
Hepatitis A HepA§[a] HepA§[a]
Hepatitis B HepB† DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib† DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib† DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib† DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib‡ DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib‡ DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib‡[b]
Diphtheria Tdap† Tdap†
Pertussis
Tetanus
Polio DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib‡
Haemophilus influenzae
Meningococcus MenACWY† MenACWY‡ MenACWY† MenACWY‡[b]
Pneumococcus PCV13† PCV13† PCV13# PCV13† PCV13‡[b]
PCV13§[a]
PPSV23# PPSV23#§ PPSV23§ PPSV23†
Measles MMR† MMRV† MMRV‡[b]
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella
Human papillomavirus HPV x2† HPV x2‡[b]
Influenza IIV (yearly)† IIV (yearly)†
IIV (yearly)#
IIV (yearly)§
Herpes Zoster ZVL
  •   † Recommended ages for everyone.
  •   # Recommended ages for certain other high-risk groups.
  •   ‡ Recommended ages for catch-up immunization.
  •   § Recommended range of additional vaccinations for Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders.
  1. ^ a b c Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia, South Australia
  2. ^ a b c d e All people aged less than 20 years are eligible for free catch up vaccines.

Austria

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Austrian vaccine recommendations are developed by the National Vaccination Board (German: Nationales Impfgremium), which is part of the Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection.[18]

Children aged 14 and older can be vaccinated without parental consent.[19]

Brazil

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All recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the public health services.

Brazilian National Vaccination Schedule: 2019[20]
Infection Gestation Birth Months Years
2 3 4 5 6 9 12 15 4 5 9 11 10–59 60+
Tuberculosis BCG
Leprosy
Hepatitis A HepA
Hepatitis B HepB 5V 5V 5V
Diphtheria DTPa DTP DTP dT
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae
Polio IPV IPV IPV OPV OPV
Pneumococcus 10v 10v 10v
Meningococcus MenC MenC MenC MenC
Rotavirus RV RV
Measles MMR MMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella VV
Yellow fever YF
Human papillomavirus HPV x2 (girls) HPV x2 (boys)
Flu IIV IIV (yearly) IIV (yearly)

Canada

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In Canada, publicly funded immunization schedules may vary from province or territory.

Alberta

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Alberta Vaccine Schedule: 2015[21]
Infection Months Years
2 4 6 12 18 4 10–13 15–17 65+
Hepatitis B HepB
Diphtheria DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP Tdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae HIB HIB HIB HIB
Pneumococcus PneuC13 PneuC13 PneuC13
Polio IPV IPV IPV IPV IPV
Measles MMRV MMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella
Meningococcus MenC MenC MenC-ACYW
Human papillomavirus HPV HPV (boys)
Flu IIV (yearly)

British Columbia

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British Columbia Vaccine Schedule: 2015[21]
Infection Months Years
2 4 6 12 18 4 10–13 15–17 65+
Hepatitis B HepB HepB HepB
Rotavirus RV RV
Diphtheria DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP Tdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae HIB HIB HIB HIB
Pneumococcus PneuC13 PneuC13 PneuC13
Polio IPV IPV IPV IPV IPV
Measles MMR MMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella VV
Meningococcus MenCCV MenCCV
Human papillomavirus HPV (girls)
Flu IIV (yearly)

New Brunswick

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New Brunswick Vaccine Schedule: 2015[21]
Infection Birth Months Years
2 4 6 12 18 4 10–13 15–17 65+
Hepatitis B HepB HepB HepB
Diphtheria DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP Tdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae HIB HIB HIB HIB
Pneumococcus PneuC13 PneuC13 PneuC13
Polio IPV IPV IPV IPV IPV
Measles MMRV MMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella
Meningococcus MenCCV MenC-ACYW
Human papillomavirus HPV (girls)
Flu IIV (yearly)

Ontario

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Ontario Vaccine Schedule: 2017[21]
Infection Months Years
2 4 6 12 15 18 4 10–13 15–17
Hepatitis B HepB
Rotavirus RV RV
Diphtheria DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP Tdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae HIB HIB HIB HIB
Pneumococcus PCV13 PCV13 PCV13
Polio IPV IPV IPV IPV IPV
Measles MMRV MMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella VV
Meningococcus MenC MenC-ACYW
Human papillomavirus HPV (girls)

Quebec

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Quebec Vaccine Schedule: 2019[22][23]
Infection Months Years
2 4 6 12 18 4–6 9 14–16 Adult 50 65 75
Hepatitis A HepA
Hepatitis B HepB HepB HepB HepB
Rotavirus RV RV
Diphtheria DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP Tdap Tdap Tdap Tdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae HIB HIB HIB HIB
Pneumococcus PCV10 PCV10 PCV10 PPV23
Polio IPV IPV IPV IPV IPV
Measles MMR MMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella VV
Meningococcus MenCC MenCC
Human papillomavirus HPV
Flu IIV IIV IIV IIV (yearly)

Finland

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Vaccination Schedule for Finland[24][25]
Infection Birth Months Years
2 3 5 6 12 18 3 4 6 11–12 14–15 25 65+
Tuberculosis BCG[a]
Rotavirus RV RV RV
Diphtheria DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP Tdap Td (10‑yearly)[b]
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio IPV IPV IPV IPV
Haemophilus influenzae HIB HIB HIB
Hepatitis B HepB
Pneumococcus PCV10[26] PCV10[26] PCV10[26] PCV13 + PPSV23[26][c]
Measles MMR[d] MMRV
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella[e] VV
Human papillomavirus HPV[27]
Influenza IIV3[f] IIV3
Tick-borne encephalitis TBE[g]
  1. ^ For specific at risk-groups only (to be given at the earliest age))
  2. ^ Thereafter Td booster every 10 years with or without vaccination against poliomyelitis (IPV) in case of travel to endemic areas and when previous IPV dose was given more than 5 years before
  3. ^ Recommended but not free of charge for those over 65 years.
  4. ^ Vaccination can be given from 6 months of age in case of travel abroad. If vaccination starts before 12 months of age, 2 doses are recommended (14–18 months and 6 years) The temporary recommendation of giving measles at 12 months of age was made a permanent recommendation; ie. now MMR should be given from 12–18 months except if travelling abroad to measles infected countries when it can be given from 6 months on. In case MMR is given at 6–11 months, the child needs a second and third dose to complete the series.
  5. ^ Varicella vaccination implemented from 1 September 2017. Catch-up to all those born on 1 January 2006 or after and with no history of varicella.
  6. ^ One or two doses administered depending on previous influenza vaccination history. Annual vaccination. IIV tri-or quadrivalent used as follows: IIV3 for all those 6–35 months. IIV4 with nonpreferential alternative to all those 24–35 months. IIV3 also recommended to medical risk group children from 36 months up.
  7. ^ TBE vaccination for to those living permanently on the island of Åland
History
1960: Mumps vaccinations for military recruits.
1975: Measles vaccination for 1 year old children.
1975: Rubella vaccination for 11–13 years old girls and seronegative mothers.
1982: Two doses of MMR vaccination at 14–18 months and 6 years of age were introduced in the national childhood vaccination programme.
2009: Rotavirus vaccine introduced at 2, 3 and 5 months to all children (September 2009)
2010: PCV introduced at 3, 5 and 12 months of age to all children (September 2010).
2013: HPV vaccination of girls introduced
2017: Varicella vaccination introduced (1 September 2017) at 18 months, 6 years + catch-up of all born from 1 January 2006 or after with no history of varicella.
2020: HPV vaccination of boys introduced[28]

France

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Vaccination Schedule for France
Infection Months Years
0 1 2 4 6 11 12 13 15 16–18 23 2 5 6 11–13 25 45 65+
Tuberculosis BCG† BCG#
Diphtheria D† D† D† D† D† d†
Tetanus TT† TT† TT† TT† TT†
Pertussis acP† acP† acP† acP† acp†
Polio IPV† IPV† IPV† IPV† IPV†
Haemophilus influenzae Hib† Hib† Hib†
Hepatitis B HepB† HepB† HepB† HepB† HepB†
Pneumococcus PCV† PCV† PCV†
Meningococcus MenC†
Measles MEAS† MEAS†
Mumps MUMPS† MUMPS†
Rubella RUMBE† RUMBE†
Human papillomavirus HPV†
Influenza TIV†
Herpes Zoster HZ†
  † General Recommendation   # Recommended for specific groups only.   ‡ Catch-up

Germany

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In Germany, a vaccination schedule is developed by the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), which operates as part of the Robert Koch Institute. The recommendations are generally adopted by the Federal Joint Committee.

Vaccination Schedule for Germany
Infection Weeks Months Years
6 2 3 4 11 12 14 15 23 2 5–6 9 14 15 17 18–45 59 >60
Rotavirus RV† RV† RV†
Diphtheria D† D† D† D† D‡ d‡ d† d† d†
Tetanus TT† TT† TT† TT† TT‡ TT‡ TT† TT† TT†
Pertussis acP† acP† acP† acP† acP‡ acP‡ acp† acp† acp†
Polio IPV† IPV† IPV† IPV† IPV‡ IPV‡ IPV† IPV‡
Haemophilus influenzae Hib† Hib† Hib† Hib† Hib‡ Hib‡
Hepatitis B HepB† HepB† HepB† HepB† HepB‡ HepB‡
Pneumococcus PCV† PCV† PCV† PCV† PCV‡ Pnc# PPSV23†
Meningococcus MenC† MenC‡
Measles MEAS† MEAS† MEAS‡ MEAS#
Mumps MUMPS† MUMPS† MUMPS‡
Rubella RUMBE† RUMBE† RUMBE‡
Varicella VAR† VAR† VAR‡
Human papillomavirus HPV† HPV‡
Influenza TIV†
Tick-borne Encephalitis TBE#
  † General Recommendation   # Recommended for specific groups only.   ‡ Catch-up

Hong Kong

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Main article: Immunisation Programme in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, Department of Health is responsible for providing free vaccinations from newborns up to primary school students.

India

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In India, the standard vaccination schedule is recommended by the Indian Academy of Paediatrics(IAP).[29] The latest schedule was the one given in 2016.[30]

IAP Immunization Timetable: 2016[30]
Infection Birth Months Years
1.5 2.5 3.5 6 9 9-12 12 15 16-18 18 2 4–6 10–12
Tuberculosis BCG
Polio OPV OPV OPV OPV
Hepatitis B HepB HepB HepB
Rotavirus RV RV RV
Diphtheria DTwP DTwP DTwP DTwP DTwP Tdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae HIB HIB HIB HIB
Pneumococcus PCV PCV PCV PCV
Polio IPV IPV IPV IPV
Measles MMR MMR MMR
Mumps
Rubella
Typhoid TCV TCV
Hepatitis A HepA HepA
Varicella VV VV
Human papillomavirus HPV (girls)

Italy

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Vaccination Schedule for Italy
Infection Birth Months Years
3 5–6 11 13 15 5–6 11–18 65+
Diphtheria D† D† D† D† d†
Tetanus TT† TT† TT† TT† TT†
Pertussis acP† acP† acP† acP† acp†
Polio IPV† IPV† IPV† IPV†
Haemophilus influenzae Hib† Hib† Hib†
Hepatitis B HepB# HepB† HepB† HepB†
Pneumococcus PCV† PCV† PCV†
Meningococcus MenC† MenC‡
Measles MEAS† MEAS† MEAS‡
Mumps MUMPS† MUMPS† MUMPS‡
Rubella RUMBE† RUMBE† RUMBE‡
Varicella VAR†
Human papillomavirus HPV†
Influenza TIV†
  † General Recommendation   # Recommended for specific groups only.   ‡ Catch-up

Japan

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The vaccination schedule in Japan is defined and partially recommended by Immunization Act [ja] (Japanese: 予防接種法) and its related cabinet order [ja] (Japanese: 予防接種法施行令).[14][15] By the combined laws, infections are categorized into two groups: Category A is recommended for vaccination to prevent pandemic whereas Category B is only for a personal care purpose.[31] As of January 2020, fourteen infections are Category A diseases and two are Category B on the legal lists.[14][15] The Act and the Order were enacted for mandatory vaccination in 1948 with punitive clauses, only the clauses were repealed in 1976 and eventually vaccination has become non-mandatory since 1994.[32]

Japan Vaccine Schedule: January 2020[14][15]
Infection Act/
Order
(Category) 		Birth Months Years
2 3 6 12 24 36 60 ≧5[a] 7>[a] 7.5
(90 mo) 		9 11 12[b] 13> 16[b] 60–64[c]
& 65+
Diphtheria Act (A) DTaP-IPV DT
Tetanus Act (A)
Pertussis Act (A)
Polio Act (A)
Measles Act (A) MR (1st) MR (2nd)
Rubella Act (A)
Japanese encephalitis Act (A) Japanese encephalitis (1st) Japanese encephalitis (2nd)
Tuberculosis Act (A) BCG
Haemophilus influenzae Act (A) Hib
Pneumococcus Act (A) Pneumococcal
Order (B) Pneumococcal
Human papillomavirus Act (A) HPV vaccine
Smallpox Order (A) Not specified by the act or the order
Varicella Order (A) Varicella
Hepatitis B Order (A) Hep B
Influenza Order (B) Flu
  1. ^ a b Vaccines for measles and rubella (MR vaccine) can be received anytime from 5 y/o before 7 y/o, AND the time should be also between one year and one day before the first day of schooling (quote: "五歳以上七歳未満の者であって、小学校就学の始期に達する日の一年前の日から当該始期に達する日の前日までの間にあるもの".
  2. ^ a b HPV for female students only. Vaccination can be started from the first day of school year within she turns 12, and until the last day of school year within she turns 16 (quote: "十二歳となる日の属する年度の初日から十六歳となる日の属する年度の末日までの間にある女子").
  3. ^ Age 60–64 with certain diseases: heart, kidney or respitory failures, or with an immune-related disorder due to HIV infection.

Only in the legal term in Japan, citizens get old one day before their birthdays. If a person was born on January 1, 2020, and Immunization Act specifies vaccine against measles could be received from age 12 months to 24 months, vaccination shall be practiced between December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021 (not between January 2021 and January 2022.)[33][34] Some vaccinations are scheduled in line with the school year system, which starts from April 1 in Japan.[35] As explained, those who born on April 1 and on April 2 get old legally on March 31 and April 1, respectively. Thus, these two people are in different school years and thereby they may take vaccines in different calendar years.

Legal age counting system in Japan[33][34][35]
Recipients Birth Months Years
2 3 6 12 24 36 60 ≧5[a] 7>[a] 7.5
(90 mo) 		9 11 12[b] 13> 16[b]
Person A[c] Dec 31, 2019 Feb 29, 2020[d] Mar 30, 2020 Jun 30, 2020 Dec 30, 2020 Dec 30, 2021 Dec 30, 2022 Dec 30, 2024 Apr 1, 2025 Mar 31, 2026 Jun 30, 2027 Dec 30, 2028 Dec 30, 2030 Apr 1, 2031 Dec 29, 2032 Mar 31, 2036
Person B[c] Jan 1, 2020 Feb 29, 2020[d] Mar 31, 2020 Jun 30, 2020 Dec 31, 2020 Dec 31, 2021 Dec 31, 2022 Dec 31, 2024 Apr 1, 2025 Mar 31, 2026 Jun 30, 2027 Dec 31, 2028 Dec 31, 2030 Apr 1, 2031 Dec 30, 2032 Mar 31, 2036
Person C[c] Apr 1, 2020 May 31, 2020 Jun 31, 2020 Sep 30, 2020 Mar 31, 2021 Mar 31, 2022 Mar 31, 2023 Mar 31, 2025 Apr 1, 2025 Mar 31, 2026 Sep 30, 2027 Mar 31, 2029 Mar 31, 2031 Apr 1, 2031 Mar 30, 2033 Mar 31, 2036
Person D[e] Apr 2, 2020 Jun 1, 2020 Jul 1, 2020 Oct 1, 2020 Apr 1, 2021 Apr 1, 2022 Apr 1, 2023 Apr 1, 2025 Apr 1, 2026 Mar 31, 2027 Oct 1, 2027 Apr 1, 2029 Apr 1, 2031 Apr 1, 2032 Mar 31, 2033 Mar 31, 2037
  1. ^ a b Vaccines for measles and rubella (MR vaccine) can be received anytime from 5 y/o before 7 y/o, AND the time should be also between one year and one day before the first day of schooling (quote: "五歳以上七歳未満の者であって、小学校就学の始期に達する日の一年前の日から当該始期に達する日の前日までの間にあるもの".
  2. ^ a b HPV for female students only. Vaccination can be started from the first day of school year within she turns 12, and until the last day of school year within she turns 16 (quote: "十二歳となる日の属する年度の初日から十六歳となる日の属する年度の末日までの間にある女子").
  3. ^ a b c Starts elementary schooling from April 1, 2026
  4. ^ a b 2020 is a leap year. Person B socially turns 2 months old on March 1, 2004. In the legal term, however, Person B's 2-month birthday is the day before March 1, 2004. Thus, It shall be February 29, 2004. There are no February 30 or 31 in 2020. As a result Person A and Person B have the same 2-month birthday.
  5. ^ Starts elementary schooling from April 1, 2027


New Zealand

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New Zealand Immunization Schedule: 1 October 2020[36]
Infection Gestation Weeks Months Years
6 3 5 12 15 4 11–12 45 65+
Rotavirus RV RV
Diphtheria Tdap DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib DTaP-IPV Tdap Tdap Tdap
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Hepatitis B
Haemophilus influenzae Hib
Pneumococcus PCV10 PCV10 PCV10
Measles MMR MMR
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella VV VV[a]
Human papillomavirus HPV9
Herpes Zoster HZ
Influenza IIV IIV (yearly)
  1. ^ Only if the person has not previously received the varicella vaccine or had a varicella infection
History

Major additions, replacements and removals from the New Zealand Immunization Schedule include:[37]

1958: First Schedule: DTwP and DT
1961: Polio (OPV) added
1971: Measles, rubella and tetanus toxoid added
1979: Rubella changed to girls only
1988: HepB added
1990: MMR replaced measles and rubella
1994: HIB added; Td replaced tetanus toxoid
1996: DT dropped
1997: Influenza added
2000: DTaP replaced DTwP
2002: IPV replaced OPV
2006: MeNZB and Tdap added
2008: MeNZB dropped, PCV7 added, HPV4 added for females only
2011: PCV10 replaced PCV7
2014: RV5 added, PCV13 replaced PCV10
2017: HPV9 replaced HPV4 and extended to males, RV1 replaced RV5, PCV10 replaced PCV13, VV added.
2018: HZ added.
2020: Td dropped.

Nigeria

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All recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the Federal Ministry of Health.

Nigerian National Vaccination Schedule:[38]
Infection Birth Months Years
2 3 4 6 9 18 4 5
Tuberculosis BCG
Leprosy
Hepatitis B HepB 5V 5V 5V
Diphtheria DTP
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae
Polio OPV OPV OPV OPV OPV OPV
Pneumococcus PCV PCV PCV PCV
Meningococcus MCV MCV
Yellow fever YF

Spain

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Vaccination Schedule for Spain
Infection Birth Months Years
2 4 6 12 18 3–4 6 12 14 65+
Diphtheria D† D† D† D† d† d† d†
Tetanus TT† TT† TT† TT† TT† TT† TT†
Pertussis acP† acP† acP† acP† acp†
Polio IPV† IPV† IPV† IPV†
Haemophilus influenzae Hib† Hib† Hib† Hib†
Hepatitis B HepB† HepB† HepB†
Pneumococcus PCV† PCV† PCV† PPSV23†
Meningococcus MenC† MenC† MenC†
Measles MEAS† MEAS†
Mumps MUMPS† MUMPS†
Rubella RUMBE† RUMBE†
Varicella VAR†
Human papillomavirus HPV†
Influenza TIV†
  † General Recommendation   # Recommended for specific groups only.   ‡ Catch-up

United Kingdom

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The United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule is recommended by the Department of Health and National Health Service, and uses combination immunisations where available.

United Kingdom Vaccine Schedule: 2020[39]
Infection Months Years
2 3 4 12 2–10 3–4 12–13 13–15 16–18
Diphtheria DTaP DTaP DTaP DTaP Td
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio IPV IPV IPV IPV IPV
Haemophilus influenzae HIB HIB HIB HIB
Meningococcus MenB MenB MenB/C MenACWY
Rotavirus RV RV
Pneumococcus PCV PCV
Hepatitis B HepB HepB HepB
Measles MMR MMR
Mumps
Rubella
Influenza LAIV
HPV HPVx2

Non-routine vaccinations

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Some children may receive vaccines in addition to those listed in the table:

  • BCG vaccine is given at birth to "children born in areas of the country where there are high numbers of TB cases" and "children whose parents or grandparents were born in a country with many cases of TB."[39]
  • Hepatitis B vaccine is given at birth to "babies born to mothers who have hepatitis B".[39]
  • The injected flu vaccine is offered annually to "children 6 months to 17 years old with long-term health conditions".[39]

Adult vaccinations

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The five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routine booster doses are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years.[40] Pneumococcus vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen (asplenia), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly.[41] Flu vaccine is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-term medical conditions, health and social care professionals, pregnant women, and poultry workers.[42] The shingles vaccine is recommended for those over 70.[39] Additionally, pregnant women are advised to have the pertussis vaccine.[43]

United States

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The most up-to-date schedules are available from CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. In the US, the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.[44]

Vaccine Schedule for the United States: 2020[45][46]
Infection Birth Months Years
1 2 4 6 9 12 15 18 19–23 2–3 4–6 7–10 11–12 13–15 16 17–18 19–26 27–49 50–64 65+
Hepatitis B HepB† HepB† HepB‡ HepB† HepB‡ HepB x2–3#
Rotavirus RV† RV† RV†
Diphtheria DTaP† DTaP† DTaP† DTaP‡ DTaP† DTaP‡ DTaP† Tdap‡ Tdap† Tdap‡ Td or Tdap (every 10 years)†
Tetanus
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae Hib† Hib† Hib† Hib‡ Hib† Hib‡ Hib# Hib x1–3#
Polio IPV† IPV† IPV† IPV‡ IPV† IPV‡
Pneumococcus PCV13† PCV13† PCV13† PCV13‡ PCV13† PCV13‡ PCV13# PCV13# PCV13§
PPSV23# PPSV23 x1–2# PPSV23†
Influenza IIV (yearly)† IIV or LAIV (yearly)†
Measles MMR# MMR† MMR‡ MMR† MMR‡ MMR x1–2‡
Mumps
Rubella
Varicella VAR† VAR‡ VAR† VAR‡ VAR x1–2‡ VAR 2x#
Hepatitis A HepA# HepA x2† HepA‡ HepA x2–3#
Meningococcus MenACWY# MenACWY† MenACWY‡ MenACWY† MenACWY‡ MenACWY x1–2#
MenB x2–3#
MenB§
Human papillomavirus HPV# HPV x2–3† HPV‡ HPV‡ HPV§
Herpes Zoster RZV or ZVL†
  •   † Range of recommended ages for everyone. See references for more details.
  •   # Range of recommended ages for certain high-risk groups. See references for more details.
  •   ‡ Range of recommended ages for catch-up immunization or for people who lack evidence of immunity (e.g., lack documentation of vaccination or have no evidence of prior infection).[a]
  •   § Recommended vaccination based on shared clinical decision-making.
  1. ^ CDC provides more detailed information in catch-up immunizations.

During pregnancy

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The CDC recommends pregnant women receive some vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine a month or more before pregnancy. The Tdap vaccine (to help protect against whooping cough) is recommended during pregnancy. Other vaccines, like the flu shot, can be given before or during pregnancy, depending on whether or not it is flu season. Vaccination is safe right after giving birth, even while breastfeeding.[47][48][49][50]

History

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In 1900, the smallpox vaccine was the only one administered to children. By the early 1950s, children routinely received three vaccines, for protection against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and smallpox, and as many as five shots by two years of age.[4] Since the mid-1980s, many vaccines have been added to the schedule. In 2009, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended vaccination against at least fourteen diseases. By two years of age, U.S. children receive as many as 24 vaccine injections, and might receive up to five shots during one visit to the doctor.[4] The use of combination vaccine products means that, as of 2013, the United Kingdom's immunization program consists of nine injections by the age of two, rather than 22 if vaccination for each disease was given as a separate injection.[51]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Global vaccination coverage". Our World in Data. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  2. ^ "What Is a Vaccine". NIAID. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  3. ^ "Tetanus: Prevention". Mayo Clinic. 2006-09-21. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
  4. ^ a b c "History of Vaccine Schedule | The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia". Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  5. ^ Update on Yellow Fever in the Americas, http://www.paho.org/english/SHA/be_v21n2-yellowfever.htm, the Epidemiological Bulletin, Vol. 21 No. 2, June 2000, Pan American Health Organization, accessed July 18, 2007
  6. ^ State of the World's Vaccines and Immunizations (pdf) from the World Health Organization (2003 edition)
  7. ^ "WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring System". World Health Organization. 22 December 2006. Archived from the original on July 7, 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
  8. ^ "Immunization schedules by antigens". apps.who.int.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm "Immunization schedules by diseases". apps.who.int. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  10. ^ "Vaccines: VPD-VAC/List of VPDs". Retrieved 2010-06-08.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Vaccine Scheduler | ECDC". vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  12. ^ "Schedule of Hong Kong Childhood Immunisation Programme". Family Health Service, Department of Health, Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 2020-12-12.
  13. ^ "Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2017 Tentang Penyelanggaraan Imunisasi" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Kemenkes. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d "予防接種法 (法令番号：昭和二十三年法律第六十八号); Immunization Act (Law number: Act No. 68 of 1948)". Japanese Law Translation (日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム). Ministry of Justice (Japan). 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2020-02-24The translated law from Japanese to English is the latest version as of February 2020, followed by 平成二十五年法律第百三号 改正 (Amendment of Act No. 103 of 2013).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ a b c d "予防接種法施行令（昭和二十三年政令第百九十七号）第1条: 政令で定めるＡ類疾病、第1条の2: 政令で定めるＢ類疾病、第1条の3: 市町村長が予防接種を行う疾病及びその対象者" [Immunization Act Implementation Order (Law number: Order No. 197 of 1948) | Article 1: Category A diseases under the Order; Article 1-2: Category B diseases under the Order; Article 1-3: vaccine recipients and vaccination schedule under city mayors' initiatives]. e-Gov Law Database (in Japanese). Administrative Management Bureau, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2020-02-24. 平成三十年政令第百六号改正、2018年4月1日施行分 (version information: Amendment of Order No. 106 of 2018)
  16. ^ "Immunise – About the Program". Archived from the original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  17. ^ "National Immunisation Program Schedule". 1 April 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  18. ^ "Nationales Impfgremium". Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection (in German). Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  19. ^ "Impfung: Kinder ab 14 können selbst entscheiden" [Vaccination: Children can decide for themselves at 14]. Kurier (in German). 1 June 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  20. ^ "CALENDÁRIO NACIONAL DE VACINAÇÃO - 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  21. ^ a b c d "Immunization schedule tool". Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved 2015-02-01.
  22. ^ "Protocole d'immunisation du Québec (PIQ) / Calendrier régulier de vaccination". Gouvernement du Québec, 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  23. ^ "Les garçons désormais vaccinés contre le VPH au Québec". ICI Quebec / Radio-Canada, 1 Sept. 2016. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  24. ^ "Vaccine Scheduler| ECDC". vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  25. ^ "Rokotusohjelman historia – Rokottaminen – THL". Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (in Finnish). Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  26. ^ a b c d "Pneumokokkikonjugaattirokote eli PCV-rokote – Rokottaminen – THL". Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (in Finnish). Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  27. ^ "THL – HPV, or human papillomavirus vaccine". thl.fi. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
  28. ^ "Vaccinating boys against HPV (human papillomavirus) has started - Press release - THL". Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  29. ^ Vashishtha, Vipin M.; Choudhury, Panna; Kalra, Ajay; Bose, Anuradha; Thacker, Naveen; Yewale, Vijay N.; Bansal, C. P.; Mehta, Pravin J.; Indian Academy of Pediatrics (October 2014). "Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) recommended immunization schedule for children aged 0 through 18 years – India, 2014 and updates on immunization". Indian Pediatrics. 51 (10): 785–800. doi:10.1007/s13312-014-0504-y. ISSN 0974-7559. PMID 25362009. S2CID 40329033.
  30. ^ a b "Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP)". www.iapindia.org. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
  31. ^ "予防接種とは？" [What is vaccination?] (in Japanese). 公益社団法人東京医師会 (Tokyo Medical Association, a public interest incorporated association). Retrieved 2020-02-10.
  32. ^ "日本のワクチン政策の変遷" [History of vaccination policy in Japan] (PDF). The Value of VACCINE (in Japanese) (改訂版 (revised version)). Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA): 14–19. 2014.
  33. ^ a b "予防接種を受けるときの注意" [Legal notice for vaccination] (in Japanese). 東京都中野区 (Nakano City Hall, Tokyo). 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  34. ^ a b "定期の予防接種における対象者の解釈について（事務連絡）" [Legal age counting system for the routine vaccination (operational notice)] (PDF) (in Japanese). 厚生労働省健康局結核感染症課 (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare). 2014-03-11. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
  35. ^ a b "Q 4月1日生まれの児童生徒の学年についてどうなるのでしょうか。" [Q: In which academic year is a schoolchild born on April 1?] (in Japanese). 文部科学省 (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology). Retrieved 2020-03-01.
  36. ^ "New Zealand Immunisation Schedule". Ministry of Health (New Zealand). Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  37. ^ "Appendix 1: The history of immunisation in New Zealand". Ministry of Health NZ. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  38. ^ "Immunization in Nigeria". Archived from the original on 2018-10-29. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  39. ^ a b c d e "NHS vaccinations and when to have them". nhs.uk. 2019-07-31. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
  40. ^ "Immunisation – FAQs – Will I need more boosters in the future?". Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  41. ^ "Immunisation – FAQs – How often will I need this vaccine?". Archived from the original on 2008-11-12. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  42. ^ "Immunisation – Having the vaccination – Who is the vaccine for?". Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  43. ^ "Whooping cough vaccination in pregnancy". nhs.uk. 2020-12-03. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
  44. ^ "Vaccine Information Statements: Instructions" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  45. ^ "Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for ages 18 years or younger – United States, 2020" (PDF). CDC. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  46. ^ "Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for ages 19 years or older – United States, 2020" (PDF). CDC. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  47. ^ "Pregnancy and Vaccination | Vaccines for Pregnant Women | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2017-07-20. Retrieved 2018-02-28.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  48. ^ "Get the Whooping Cough Vaccine While You Are Pregnant". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-07-24. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  49. ^ "Update on Immunization and Pregnancy Tetanus Diphtheria and Pertussis Vaccination – ACOG". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  50. ^ "Immunization in Pregnancy and Postpartum" (PDF). May 2014.
  51. ^ "Immunisation schedule". National Health Service. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
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