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Rudraksha

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This article is about the rudraksha fruit and beadwork made from its fruitstones. For the film, see Rudraksh (film).

Rudraksha (IAST: rudrākṣa) refers to the dried stones or seeds of the genus Elaeocarpus specifically, Elaeocarpus ganitrus.[1] These stones serve as prayer beads for Hindus (especially Shaivas),and Buddhists . When they are ripe, rudraksha stones are covered by a blue outer fruit so they are sometimes called "blueberry beads[2]

Rudraksha beads are the dried stones of the fruit of the Elaeocarpus ganitrus tree

The stones are associated with the Hindu deity Shiva and are commonly worn for protection and for chanting mantras such as Om Namah Shivaya (Sanskrit: ॐ नमः शिवाय; Om Namaḥ Śivāya). They are primarily sourced from India, Indonesia, and Nepal for jewellery and malas (garlands) and valued similarly to semi-precious stones.[1] Rudraksha can have up to twenty one "faces" (Sanskrit: मुख, romanized: mukha, lit. 'face') or locules - naturally ingrained longitudinal lines which divide the stone into segments. Each face represents a particular deity.[3][4]

Etymology

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Rudraksha is a Sanskrit compound word consisting of "Rudra"(Sanskrit: रुद्र) referring to Shiva and "akṣa"(Sanskrit: अक्ष) meaning "eye".[5][a][6] Sanskrit dictionaries translate akṣa (Sanskrit: अक्ष) as eyes,[7] as do many prominent Hindus such as Sivaya Subramuniyaswami and Kamal Narayan Seetha; accordingly, rudraksha may be interpreted as meaning "Eye of Rudra".[8][page needed][9]

Description

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Rudraksha tree

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Rudraksha tree, Elaeocarpus ganitrus
Main article: Elaeocarpus ganitrus

Of the 300 species of Elaeocarpus, 35 are found in India. The principal species of this genus is Elaeocarpus ganitrus, which has the common name of "rudraksha tree", and is found from the Gangetic plain in the foothills of the Himalayas to Nepal, South and Southeast Asia, parts of Australia, Guam, and Hawaii.[10]

These tree species typically found at higher altitudes, primarily in the Himalayan region, has become scarce in India due to its previous use in making railway sleepers. The finest quality seeds originate from specific altitudes in the Himalayas, where the soil, atmosphere, and environmental factors contribute to their unique vibration.[11]

Elaeocarpus ganitrus trees grow to 60–80 ft (18–24 m). They are evergreen trees which grow quickly, and as they mature their roots form buttresses, rising up near the trunk and radiating out along the surface of the ground.[12]

Fruit

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Ripe rudraksha fruits displaying their typical blue colour

The rudraksha tree starts bearing drupes (fruit) in three to four years from germination. It yields between 1,000 and 2,000 fruits annually. These fruits are commonly called "rudraksha fruit", but are also known as amritaphala (fruits of ambrosia).[citation needed]

The pyrena of the fruit, commonly called the "pit" or "stone", is typically divided into multiple segments by seed-bearing locules. When the fruit is fully ripe, the stones are covered with a blue outer fleshy husk of inedible fruit. The blue colour is not derived from a pigment but is due to structural colouration.[13] Rudraksha beads are sometimes called "blueberry beads" in reference to the blue colour of the fruit.

Chemical composition

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Rudraksha fruits contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, carbohydrates, and cardiac glycosides. They also contain rudrakine,[14][15] an alkaloid which had been discovered in rudraksha fruit in 1979.[16]

Types of rudraksha stones

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5-faced (panchmukhi) rudraksha stone with the lines delineating its faces labelled[17]

Rudraksha stones are described as having a number of facets or "faces" (Mukhi) which are separated by a line or cleft along the stone. Typically, these stones possess between 1 and 21 faces, although instances of Rudraksha with up to 26-27 faces have been reported, albeit rarely. Those with a single face (ek Mukhi) are the rarest.[3][18] A Rudraskha with eleven faces is worn by renunciants, those who are married wear a two-faced stone and a five-faced stone is representative of Hanuman.[19] Rudrakshas from Nepal are between 20 and 35 mm (0.79 and 1.38 in) and those from Indonesia are between 5 and 25 mm (0.20 and 0.98 in). Rudraksha stones are most often brown, although white, red, yellow, or black stones may also be found.[citation needed]

Many types of stone are described. Gauri Shankar are two stones which are naturally conjoined. Sawar are Gauri Shankar in which one of the conjoined stones has just one face. Ganesha are stones which have a trunk-like protrusion on their bodies. Trijuti are three stones which are naturally conjoined. Other rare types include veda (4 conjoined sawars) and dwaita (2 conjoined sawars).[20]

Uses

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Religious uses in Indian-origin religions

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Rudraksha is sacred to and popularly worn by devotees of Shiva.[3]

 
A 108+1 rudraksha mala constructed with 5-faced stones[21]

Rudraksha stones may be strung together as beads on a garland (mala) which can be worn around the neck. The beads are commonly strung on silk, or on a black or red cotton thread. Less often, jewellers use copper, silver or gold wires. The rudraksha beads may be damaged if strung too tightly. The Devi-Bhagavata Purana describes the preparation of rudraksha garlands.[22]

Hindus often use rudraksha garlands aids to prayer and meditation, and to sanctify the mind, body, and soul, much as Christians use prayer beads and rosaries to count repetitions of prayer.[23][additional citation(s) needed] There is a long tradition of wearing 108 rudraksha beads in India, particularly within Shaivism, due to their association with Shiva, who wears rudraksha garlands. Most garlands contain 108 beads plus one because as 108 is considered sacred and a suitable number of times to recite a short mantra. The extra bead, which is called the "meru", bindu, or "guru bead", helps mark the beginning and end of a cycle of 108 and has symbolic value as a 'principle' bead. Rudraksha garlands usually contain beads in combinations 27+1, 54+1, or 108+1. The mantra Om Namah Shivaya, associated with Shiva, is often chosen for repetitions (japa) using rudraksha beads.[24]

Maintenance

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Condition a new Rudraksha

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Begin by immersing the beads in ghee (clarified butter) for 24 hours, followed by soaking them in full-fat milk for an additional 24 hours. Rinse the beads with water and gently wipe them dry with a clean cloth. Avoid using soap or any other cleaning materials. It's normal for the color of the Rudraksha to slightly change during this process, as these are natural beads. Additionally, some color from the thread may come off during conditioning, which is also normal. It's recommended to condition the beads every six months, following the same procedure.[25]

Cleaning and Maintenance of Rudraksha Beads

Rudraksha beads, derived from the seeds of the Elaeocarpus ganitrus tree, are traditionally believed to hold spiritual significance and are commonly used in Hindu, Buddhist, and meditation practices. The beads require simple, regular maintenance to preserve their longevity and appearance. Below are some common cleaning and maintenance practices for Rudraksha beads, as suggested by practitioners and manufacturers:

  1. Regular Cleaning: Rudraksha beads can be soaked in lukewarm water overnight to loosen any dirt or oils. A small amount of mild soap can be used if the beads are particularly oily. A soft brush, such as a toothbrush, can help remove grime from the surface.
  2. Drying: After rinsing, Rudraksha beads should be air-dried in indirect sunlight or using a gentle method such as a hairdryer. Exposure to direct sunlight is generally avoided to prevent cracking.
  3. Oiling: To maintain their texture, Rudraksha beads can be lightly coated with natural, unscented oils such as olive oil, almond oil, or sandalwood oil. This is said to help preserve their sheen and durability.
  4. Storage: When not in regular use, Rudraksha beads are sometimes stored in a cool place, such as a refrigerator, to prevent drying out. Extended non-use may result in a temporary reduction in the perceived spiritual efficacy of the beads, although this is largely a matter of personal or cultural belief.
  5. Avoidance of Chemicals: It is recommended to avoid the use of harsh chemicals, including shampoos, detergents, and insecticides, as these substances can degrade the natural composition of the Rudraksha.

Periodic Ritual Maintenance

Some practitioners also perform a ritual maintenance routine based on traditional guidelines:

  • Weekly Cleansing: Washing the Rudraksha beads with water (or a mixture of water and holy river water) is sometimes practiced weekly. Devotees may chant specific mantras, such as "Om Namah Shivaya" or the beej mantra associated with their particular bead.
  • Spiritual Maintenance: Monthly maintenance can involve washing, oiling, and chanting as a symbolic act of spiritual upkeep. For those who cannot wear the beads regularly, monthly cleaning and energizing rituals may help retain their spiritual qualities.

Material-Specific Care

Rudraksha beads are often worn in malas or bracelets made from various materials such as thread, silver, or copper. These materials can be maintained with gentle polishing methods, such as using herbal polishers, to keep them clean and presentable without damaging the bead itself.[15]

History

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In Hindu religious texts

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14-faced rudraksha stone made into pendant.

Upanishads

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Several late-medieval Upanishads describe the construction, wearing, and use rudraksha garlands as well as their mythological origin as the tears of Rudra.

तं गुहः प्रत्युवाच प्रवालमौक्तिकस्फटिकशङ्ख रजताष्टापदचन्दनपुत्रजीविकाब्जे रुद्राक्षा इति । आदिक्षान्तमूर्तिः सावधानभावा । सौवर्णं राजतं ताम्रं तन्मुखे मुखं तत्पुच्छे पुच्छं तदन्तरावर्तनक्रमेण योजयेत्[26]

Sage Guha replied: (It is made of any one of the following 10 materials) Coral, Pearl, Crystal, Conch, Silver, Gold, Sandal, Putra-Jivika, Lotus, or Rudraksha. Each head must be devoted and thought of as presided over by the deities of Akara to Kshakara. Golden thread should bind the beads through the holes. On its right silver (caps) and left copper. The face of a bead should face, the face of another head and tail, the tail. Thus a circular formation must be made.[27]

— Akshamalika Upanishad

अथ कालाग्निरुद्रं भगवन्तं सनत्कुमारः पप्रच्छाधीहि भगवन्रुद्राक्षधारणविधिं स होवाच रुद्रस्य नयनादुत्पन्ना रुद्राक्षा इति लोके ख्यायन्ते सदाशिवः संहारकाले संहारं कृत्वा संहाराक्षं मुकुलीकरोति तन्नयनाज्जाता रुद्राक्षा इति होवाच तस्माद्रुद्राक्षत्वमिति तद्रुद्राक्षे वाग्विषये कृते दशगोप्रदानेन यत्फलमवाप्नोति तत्फलमश्नुते स एष भस्मज्योती रुद्राक्ष इति तद्रुद्राक्षं करेण स्पृष्ट्वा धारणमात्रेण द्विसहस्रगोप्रदानफलं भवति । तद्रुद्राक्षे एकादशरुद्रत्वं च गच्छति । तद्रुद्राक्षे शिरसि धार्यमाणे कोटिगोप्रदानफलं भवति[28]

Sage Sanatkumara approached Lord Kalagni Rudra and asked him, "Lord, kindly explain to me the method of wearing Rudraksha." What he told him was, "Rudraksha became famous by that name because initially, it was produced from the eyes of Rudra. During the time of destruction and after the act of destruction, when Rudra closed his eye of destruction, Rudraksha was produced from that eye. That is the Rudraksha property of Rudraksha. Just by touching and wearing this Rudraksha, one gets the same effect of giving in charity one thousand cows."[29]

— Brihajjabala Upanishad

तुलसीपारिजातश्रीवृक्षमूलादिकस्थले । पद्माक्षतुलसीकाष्ठरुद्राक्षकृतमालया[30]

He should count using a rosary (mala) whose beads are either made of the tulsi plant or rudraksha.[31]

— Rama Rahasya Upanishad

हृदयं कुण्डली भस्मरुद्राक्षगणदर्शनम् । तारसारं महावाक्यं पञ्चब्रह्माग्निहोत्रकम्[32]

After prostrating himself before the celebrated form of Sri Mahadeva-Rudra in his heart, adoring the sacred Bhasma and Rudraksha and mentally reciting the great Mahavakya-Mantra, Tarasara, Sage Shuka asked his father Geat Sage Vyasa.[33]

— Rudrahridaya Upanishad

अथ हैनं कालाग्निरुद्रं भुसुण्डः पप्रच्छ कथं रुद्राक्षोत्पत्तिः । तद्धारणात्किं फलमिति । तं होवाच भगवान्कालाग्निरुद्रः । त्रिपुरवधार्थमहं निमीलिताक्षोऽभवम् ।निमीलिताक्षोऽभवम् तेभ्यो जलबिन्दवो भूमौ पतितास्ते रुद्राक्षा जाताः ।  सर्वानुग्रहार्थाय तेषां नामोच्चारणमात्रेण दशगोप्रदानफलं दर्शनस्पर्शनाभ्यां द्विगुणं फलमत ऊर्ध्वं वक्तुं न शक्नोमि[34]

Sage Bhusunda questioned Lord Kalagni-Rudra: What is the beginning of Rudraksha beads? What is the benefit of wearing them on the body? Lord Kalagni-Rudra answered him thus: I closed my eyes for the sake of destroying the Tripurasura. From my eyes thus closed, drops of water fell on the earth. These drops of tears turned into Rudrakshas. By the mere utterance of the name of 'Rudraksha', one acquires the benefit of giving ten cows in charity. By seeing and touching it, one attains double that benefit. I am unable to praise it anymore.[35]

— Rudrakshajabala Upanishad

Tirumurai

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Like the Upanishads, the Tirumurai describes the wearing of rudraksha garlands and their use as prayer beads for chanting mantras. Accordingly, the Tirumurai identifies wearing a pair of rudraksha garlands as a sign of piety.

They who walk the twin paths of charya and kriya ever praise the twin feet of the Lord. They wear holy emblems—the twin rings in earlobes, the twin rudraksha garland around the neck—and adopt the twin mudras, all in amiable constancy.

— Tirumantiram 1423. TM[36]

Thinking of Him, great love welling up in their heart, if they finger the rudraksha beads, it will bring them the glory of the Gods. Chant our naked Lord’s name. Say, “Namah Shivaya!”

— Tirumurai 3.307.3. PS, 217[37]

Cultivation

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Herbal and sacred groves

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See also: Sacred groves of India, Bodhi Tree, and List of Banyan trees in India

Ch. Devi Lal Rudraksha Vatika, is a 184 acres (0.74 km2) grove dedicated to rudraksha which also has over 400 endangered ayurvedic medicinal herbs in Yamunanagar district of Haryana state in India.[38]

Rudraksha is primarily cultivated in the foothills of the Himalayas, mainly in Nepal and India.[39] The most popular varieties of rudraksha are found in the regions of Kathmandu, around Arun Valley Region in Nepal and Kulu, and Rameshwaram in India. There are several naturally occurring trees of rudrakshas in the alpine forests of Dhauladhar and lower Shivalik ranges of the Himalayas.[citation needed]

Groves are mostly found in Uttarakhand state of India.[citation needed]

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Tree

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Fruit

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    Unripe rudraksha fruit on the tree
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    On drying rudraksha fruits turn black
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    Freshly plucked raw rudraksha fruits; when ripe these are blue in colour
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    Ripe rudraksha fruits with typical blue colour

Stones

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    Handful of rudraksha stones
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    Red 5-faced rudraksha stone
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    Cross-section of a 7-faced rudraksha stone
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    X-ray of 10-faced rudraksha stone reveals 10 seeds storing chambers (locules) and one central chamber

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Stutley (1985), p. 119:"'Rudra-eyed'. Name of the dark berries of Elaeocarpus ganitrus, used to make Śaiva rosaries (mālā), or necklaces. The berries have five divisions symbolising Śiva's five faces (pañcānana)."

The Significance of Wearing Rudraksha Beads

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Wearing Rudraksha beads goes beyond mere ornamentation; it is a spiritual practice deeply rooted in ancient traditions. Whether worn for their spiritual, health, or astrological benefits, these beads continue to capture the fascination of individuals seeking a deeper connection with themselves and the divine.The Rudraksha bead, a symbol of spiritual connection, resonates across various cultures, each embracing it with unique reverence and practices. This bead weaves a thread of unity among diverse spiritual traditions, illustrating its global significance beyond its origins.[40] The enduring allure of Rudraksha beads reflects their timeless significance in the realm of spirituality and holistic well-being.

Rudraksha beads, derived from the seeds of the Rudraksha tree, hold a profound spiritual significance in Hinduism and various other cultures. The tradition of wearing these beads dates back thousands of years, and their popularity has transcended cultural and geographical boundaries. In this article, we delve into the reasons why individuals choose to wear Rudraksha beads and the spiritual and health benefits associated with them.

Spiritual Significance: Rudraksha beads are revered in Hinduism as sacred symbols of Lord Shiva. Legend has it that these beads originated from the tears of Lord Shiva, and thus, wearing them is believed to connect the wearer with divine energy. Many individuals wear Rudraksha beads to enhance their spiritual practices, meditation and prayers.

Positive Energy and Protection: The unique vibrations and energies associated with 11 Mukhi Rudraksha beads are believed to create a protective shield around the wearer. It is said that 14 Mukhi Rudraksha these beads absorb negative energy, promoting a sense of peace and tranquility. Wearing 15 Mukhi Rudraksha beads is thought to provide a shield against negative influences and promote a positive aura.

Meditation Aid: The texture and energy of 17 Mukhi Rudraksha beads make them popular among those who practice meditation.[41] The 12 Mukhi Rudraksha beads are believed to help individuals focus their mind, enhance concentration, and facilitate a deeper meditative experience. Many meditation practitioners wear 19 Mukhi Rudraksha beads as a means to align their spiritual energies and reach a heightened state of awareness.

Health Benefits: Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, recognizes the medicinal properties of Rudraksha beads. Some believe that wearing 20 Mukhi Rudraksha beads can have positive effects on the cardiovascular system and overall well-being. The 13 Mukhi Rudraksha beads are also thought to have a cooling effect on the body, promoting a sense of balance and harmony.

Astrological Significance: In Vedic astrology, 18 Mukhi Rudraksha beads are associated with specific planetary influences. Different Mukhi (faces) Rudraksha beads are believed to resonate with different planets, providing astrological benefits to the wearer. Many individuals consult astrologers to determine the most suitable Rudraksha beads based on their birth chart.

Cultural and Fashion Statement: Beyond their spiritual and health benefits, Rudraksha beads have become a cultural and fashion symbol. Many people wear 21 Mukhi Rudraksha necklaces or bracelets as a part of their daily attire, blending tradition with contemporary fashion. This fusion of cultural significance and style has contributed to the widespread popularity of Rudraksha beads.

Types of Rudraksha Beads

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Rudraksha beads are categorized based on the number of faces they possess, ranging from 1 to 21, with rare occurrences of beads having up to 26-27 faces.[42] Additionally, unique types such as Gaurishankar (two beads conjoined), Trijuti (three beads conjoint),veda (4 conjoined sawars) and dwaita (2 conjoined sawars) are also found among the variety of Rudraksha beads available.

Some faces or mukhi are exclusive or rarest on earth, making them challenging to find. These rare Rudraksha beads hold immense significance and are believed to possess potent energies and blessings, making them highly sought after by spiritual practitioners and collectors alike. Each Mukhi holds a unique vibration, guiding seekers on their spiritual journey towards inner awakening and enlightenment. By chanting the Beej mantras corresponding to each Rudraksha Mukhi, practitioners can tap into the inherent power of these sacred beads, fostering a deeper connection to the divine and unlocking hidden potentials within themselves.[43]

One Mukhi Rudraksha: Known as the rarest and most potent bead. This 1 Mukhi Rudraksha bead symbolizes the formless, absolute reality – the soul. Bestows concentration, focus and spiritual growth.

Two Mukhi Rudraksha: Represents Ardhanarishvara, the combined form of Shiva and Shakti. The 2 Mukhi Rudraksha harmonizes relationships and enhances unity. Ideal for couples seeking marital bliss.

Three Mukhi Rudraksha: Associated with the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Wearing 3 Mukhi Rudraksha brings peace, tranquility and spiritual advancement. Ideal for meditation and self-discovery.

Four Mukhi Rudraksha: Symbolizes the four Vedas. Enhances knowledge, creativity and communication. 4 Mukhi Rudraksha is beneficial for students and professionals.

Five Mukhi Rudraksha: Represents the five elements and five senses. Wearing 5 Mukhi Rudraksha promotes good health, mental stability and spiritual growth. Commonly used for daily prayers and meditation.

Six Mukhi Rudraksha: Connected to Kartikeya, the son of Shiva. The 6 Mukhi Rudraksha enhances willpower, focus and intellect. Beneficial for professionals seeking career success.

Seven Mukhi Rudraksha: Represents Goddess Mahalakshmi. Wearing 7 Mukhi Rudraksha bestows wealth, prosperity and success in business. Alleviates financial worries.

Eight Mukhi Rudraksha: Linked to Lord Ganesha, 8 Mukhi Rudraksha removes obstacles, brings success and enhances leadership qualities. Worn for overcoming challenges in life.

Nine Mukhi Rudraksha: Associated with Goddess Durga, 9 Mukhi Rudraksha provides strength, courage and protection. Guards against negative energies.

Ten Mukhi Rudraksha: Represents Lord Vishnu, 10 Mukhi Rudraksha bestows divine protection and enhances positivity. Ideal for those seeking spiritual awakening.

Eleven Mukhi Rudraksha: Associated with Lord Hanuman, the 11 Mukhi Rudraksha instills strength, courage, and devotion. It aids in overcoming obstacles and challenges, promoting success and victory in endeavors.

Twelve Mukhi Rudraksha: Symbolizing the twelve Adityas, the 12 Mukhi Rudraksha bestows vitality, charisma, and leadership qualities. It enhances creativity and decision-making abilities, fostering success and recognition.

Thirteen Mukhi Rudraksha: Linked to Lord Kamadeva, the 13 Mukhi Rudraksha enhances charm, attraction, and magnetism. It promotes love, romance, and harmonious relationships, fostering emotional well-being and fulfillment.

Fourteen Mukhi Rudraksha: Associated with Lord Shiva's grace and protection, the 14 Mukhi Rudraksha enhances spiritual awareness, provides protection from negative energies, and facilitates meditation. It promotes healing, balance, and harmony in life.

Fifteen Mukhi Rudraksha: Symbolizing Lord Pashupatinath, the 15 Mukhi Rudraksha bestows divine grace, blessings, and spiritual enlightenment. It enhances intuition, wisdom, and psychic abilities, fostering spiritual growth and transformation.

Sixteen Mukhi Rudraksha: Associated with Lord Rama, the 16 Mukhi Rudraksha enhances courage, righteousness, and inner strength. It promotes self-discipline, determination, and victory over adversities, fostering success and prosperity.

Seventeen Mukhi Rudraksha: Symbolizing Goddess Katyayani, the 17 Mukhi Rudraksha bestows divine blessings, protection, and strength. It enhances fertility, motherhood, and nurturing qualities, fostering family harmony and well-being.

Eighteen Mukhi Rudraksha: Linked to Bhumi Devi, the 18 Mukhi Rudraksha enhances grounding, stability, and abundance. It promotes prosperity, growth, and success in endeavors, fostering material and spiritual wealth.

Nineteen Mukhi Rudraksha: Associated with Lord Narayana, the 19 Mukhi Rudraksha bestows divine blessings, protection, and fulfillment of desires. It enhances devotion, faith, and spiritual connection, fostering divine grace and blessings.

Twenty Mukhi Rudraksha: Symbolizing Vishwasu Sadhu and Vasuki, the 20 Mukhi Rudraksha enhances intuition, psychic abilities, and spiritual enlightenment. It promotes divine knowledge, wisdom, and inner peace, fostering spiritual growth and liberation.

Twenty-One Mukhi Rudraksha: Linked to Lord Kuber and Ek Alakh Niranjan, the 21 Mukhi Rudraksha bestows divine blessings, prosperity, and abundance. It enhances material wealth, success in endeavors, and fulfillment of desires, fostering financial stability and prosperity.

References

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  1. ^ a b Bhattacharyya, Bharati (2015-10-02). Golden Greens: The Amazing World of Plants. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). pp. 21–25. ISBN 978-81-7993-441-8.
  2. ^ Singh, B; Chopra, A; Ishar, MP; Sharma, A; Raj, T (2010). "Pharmacognostic and antifungal investigations of Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudrakasha)". Indian J Pharm Sci. 72 (2): 261–5. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.65021. PMC 2929793. PMID 20838538.
  3. ^ a b c Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. Rosen. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
  4. ^ "Official Website of Sadhguru, Isha Foundation | India". isha.sadhguru.org. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  5. ^ Stutley, M. (1985). The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography. New Delhi, India: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 98, 119. ISBN 978-81-215-1087-5.
  6. ^ Singh, Ishar B. (2015). "Phytochemical and biological aspects of Rudraksha, the stony endocarp of Elaeocarpus ganitrus". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 62 (4): 265–276. doi:10.1080/07929978.2015.1020659 – via Brill.
  7. ^ "Aksa: English Translation of the Sanskrit word: Aksa-- Sanskrit Dictionary".
  8. ^ Subramuniyaswami, Sivaya (1997). Dancing with Siva. USA. Search for "Rudraksha" on the page. ISBN 9780945497974.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Ziegenbalg, Bartholomaeus (1869). Genealogy of the South-Indian Gods: A Manual of the Mythology and Religion of the People of Southern India, Including a Description of Popular Hinduism. Higginbotham. p. 27.
  10. ^ Koul, M. K. (2001-05-13). "Bond with the beads". Spectrum. India: The Tribune.
  11. ^ "Official Website of Sadhguru, Isha Foundation | India". isha.sadhguru.org. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  12. ^ "Rudraksha Hub". Rudraksha Hub. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  13. ^ Lee, D. W. (1991). "Ultrastructural Basis and Function of Iridescent Blue Color of Fruits in Elaeocarpus". Nature. 349 (6306): 260–262. Bibcode:1991Natur.349..260L. doi:10.1038/349260a0. S2CID 13332325.
  14. ^ "Rudrakine chemical". ResearchGate.
  15. ^ a b Divij, Sharma (2022-11-02). "How to Clean & Maintain Rudraksha?". Rudraksha Ratna. 1 (1). Rudra Centre – via Rudra Centre.
  16. ^ Ray, A.B.; Chand, Lal; Pandey, V.B. (January 1979). "Rudrakine, a new alkaloid from Elaeocarpus ganitrus". Phytochemistry. 18 (4): 700–701. Bibcode:1979PChem..18..700R. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84309-5.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  17. ^ Meet, Vedic (2024-01-19). "20 Reasons why you need Panch Mukhi Rudraksh in 2024". Vedic Meet. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  18. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. pp. 1668–1669. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  19. ^ Blackman, Winifred S. (1918). "The Rosary of Magic and Religion". Folklore. 29 (4): 255–280. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1918.9719067. JSTOR 1255280 – via JSTOR.
  20. ^ Seetha, Kamal Narayan (2005). Power of rudraksha. India. pp. 15, 20 and 21. ISBN 9788179929810.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ For the five-division type as signifying Shiva's five faces and terminology pañcānana, see: Stutley, p. 119.
  22. ^ Seetha, Kamal Narayan (2008). Power of Rudraksha (4th ed.). Mumbai, India: Jaico Publishing House. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-81-7992-844-8.
  23. ^ Laatsch, M. (2010). Rudraksha. Die Perlen der shivaitischen Gebetsschnur in altertümlichen und modernen Quellen. Munich: Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München. ISBN 978-3-89975-411-7.
  24. ^ "Dancing with Siva". www.himalayanacademy.com. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
  25. ^ "Rudraksha Guide". IshaLife EU. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  26. ^ "AkShamalika Upanishad sanskrit\" (PDF).
  27. ^ "AkShamalika Upanishad english".
  28. ^ "Brihat-Jabala Upanishad sanskrit".
  29. ^ "Brihad Jabala Upanishad english".
  30. ^ "shrIRamarahasya Upanishad sanskrit".
  31. ^ "Rama Rahasya Upanishad english".
  32. ^ "Rudrahridaya Upanishad sanskrit".
  33. ^ "Rudra Hridaya Upanishad english".
  34. ^ "rudrakshajabala sanskrit" (PDF).
  35. ^ "Rudraksha Jabala Upanishad english".
  36. ^ Dancing with Siva. Himalayan Academy. 1997. ISBN 9788120832657.
  37. ^ Dancing with Siva. Himalayan Academy. 1997. ISBN 9780945497479.
  38. ^ PM News Bureau. "Herbal Park at Hisar". old.projectsmonitor.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  39. ^ "Breaking the cycle of poverty with education in the most remote parts of the world". The Independent. 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  40. ^ Realm, Rudraksha (15 April 2024). "Rudraksha for Beginners: Choosing Your First Bead for Spiritual Awakening". Rudraksha Realm.
  41. ^ Aatmo, Vivek (29 March 2024). "Benefits of Nepali 17 Mukhi Rudraksha".
  42. ^ "Nepali Rudraksha". Nepali Rudraksha. 14 June 2024.
  43. ^ Kunwar, Amit (4 April 2024). "Beej Mantras for Each Mukhi Rudraksha".


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