Rufina Amaya (1943 – March 6, 2007) was the sole survivor of the El Mozote massacre on December 11 and December 12, 1981, in the Salvadoran department of Morazán during the Salvadoran Civil War.
Rufina Amaya | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1943 |
| Died | 2007/03/06 |
Her testimony of the attacks, reported shortly afterward by two American reporters[1] but called into question by the U.S. journalism community as well as by the U.S. and Salvadoran governments,[2] was instrumental in the eventual investigation by the United Nations Commission on the Truth for El Salvador after the end of the war. The investigation led to the November 1992 exhumation of bodies buried at the site and the commission's conclusion that Amaya's testimony had accurately represented the events.[3][4][5]
Hidden in a tree to which she had run while soldiers were distracted,[6] Amaya watched and listened as government soldiers raped women and children, then killed men, women, and children by machine-gunning them, then burning their bodies.[7] While hiding, she prayed to God that if he let her live, she would tell the world what took place there. She kept her promise. [citation needed] Amaya lost not only her neighbors, but also her husband, Domingo Claros, whose decapitation she saw; her 9-year-old son, Cristino, who cried out to her, "Mama, they're killing me. They've killed my sister. They're going to kill me."; and her daughters María Dolores, María Lilian, and María Isabel, ages 5 years, 3 years, and 8 months old.[8] The only one of her children with Claros who was not killed in the massacre was their daughter Fidelia, who was not in the village at the time.[8]
Following the massacre, Amaya became a refugee for a time in the neighboring country of Honduras, where in 1985 she married fellow refugee José Natividad, with whom she had four children,[9] divorcing within two years after the marriage.[8] She returned to El Salvador in 1990 and became a lay minister for the Roman Catholic Church.[8] By March 2000, Amaya was living near the Morazán village of Segundo Montes, Morazán,[9][10] established by fellow repatriated exiles in memory of a Jesuit priest and scholar killed during the war in a mass assassination of priests by government forces at the Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" (UCA).
Amaya died of a stroke in a San Salvador hospital aged 64, on March 6, 2007, following a long illness.[8][10]
Notes
edit- ^ "Massacre of Hundreds Reported In Salvador Village". New York Times. January 27, 1982. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
- ^ Mike Hoyt. "The Mozote Massacre: It was the reporters' word against the government's," Archived 2007-04-28 at the Wayback Machine Columbia Journalism Review, January/February 1993.
- ^ The UN Truth Commission report on El Mozote Archived 2005-04-05 at the Wayback Machine (excerpts)
- ^ Tim Golden (October 22, 1992). "Salvador Skeletons Confirm Reports of Massacre in 1981". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
- ^ Mark Danner. "The Truth of El Mozote," Archived 2012-11-15 at the Wayback Machine The New Yorker, 6 December 1993. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ Amaya, Rufina; Danner, Mark; Consalvi, Carlos Enríquez (1998). Luciérnagas en El Mozote [Fireflies in El Mozote]. San Salvador, El Salvador: Ediciones de Museo de la Palabra y la Imágen.
- ^ From Madness to Hope: The 12-Year War in El Salvador, Part Four ("Cases and patterns of violence"), Chapter Three ("Massacres of peasants by the armed forces") Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, El Salvador Truth Commission Report, from the United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ a b c d e Douglas Martin. "Rufina Amaya, 64, dies; Salvador survivor," March 9, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ a b Christian Guevara. "'Aún no puedo dormir por las noches'" ("'Even now I cannot sleep at night'") Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, El Faro, December 13, 2004 (in Spanish). Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ a b Scott Wright. "At the foot of the cross: Rufina Amaya -- Presente!"[permanent dead link], Voices on the Border, March 2007.
References
edit- Amaya, Rufina; Danner, Mark; Consalvi, Carlos Enríquez (1998). Luciérnagas en El Mozote [Fireflies in El Mozote]. San Salvador, El Salvador: Ediciones de Museo de la Palabra y la Imágen.
- Danner, Mark (2005). The Massacre at El Mozote. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-785-1.
External links
edit- The El Mozote Massacre Archived 2006-06-13 at the Wayback Machine (various articles)
- Testimony of Rufina Amaya: Sole survivor of the massacre (in Spanish)
- Alma Guillermoprieto. "Shedding light on humanity's dark side: the outspoken survivor of slaughter" (obituary of Amaya by one of the two original El Mozote reporters), The Washington Post, March 14, 2007, Page C01. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- Scott Simon. New York Times reporter Raymond Bonner remembers Rufina Amaya, National Public Radio, March 17, 2007.
- Photo gallery of Rufina Amaya[permanent dead link], Walls of Hope School of Art and Open Studio, Perquín, El Salvador. Retrieved 2008-05-06.